GLOSSARY OF TERMS
As Used By
The College of Arms
of the
Society for Creative Anachronism, Inc.
Revised: December 23, 2003

The purpose of this Glossary is not to define the many heraldic terms which may be found in any basic or general heraldic text. For such terms, we commend to you works such as J.P. Brooke-Little's An Heraldic Alphabet or James Parker's A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry. Our purpose here is to help define or explain some of the terms more or less specific to the Society or terms which may differ somewhat from non-S.C.A. usage.
Armiger. A person who has been awarded the right to arms. Arms in the Society can only be given by the Crown of a kingdom, and come in three levels: Awards of Arms, Grants of Arms, and Patents of Arms (or Letters Patent). A person with registered personal armory who is not an armiger has a device, but only armigers have arms.
Armorial. (1) Adjective. Of or related to armory. (2) Noun. A list of armory organized by the bearers' names. See also Ordinary.
Armorial Element. A component of heraldic design. An armorial element may be a charge, a line of division, a line of partition, a field treatment, a tincture, or other component that may be used in designing armory. See the Rules for Submissions, Part VII, for discussion of Compatible Armorial Elements.
Armory. Any design that the College of Arms registers or protects, including devices/arms and badges. This includes various important non-SCA armory from the real world and may also include trademarks, logos, and other graphic symbols that resemble heraldic bearings. See the Administrative Handbook, Parts II and III, for a discussion of Registerable and Protected Items.
Arms. In the SCA, people who have been awarded arms by the Crown of a kingdom may call their heraldic device "arms." The distinction between arms and a device is not tracked by the College of Arms. See also Armiger, Device.
Arrangement. The placement of charges in a group relative to the other charges in the group. For example, the arrangement three roundels two and one is different than the arrangement three roundels in fess. Arrangement is sometimes confused with location, and sometimes with orientation. See also Location, Orientation.
Augmentation of Arms. (Also, Augmentation) An honor added to a registered device. First, the Crown of a kingdom must give the recipient of the augmentation the right to add a charge or charges to a registered device as an honor, then the honor must be registered with the College of Arms. An augmentation is not registered as a change of armory; instead, both the underlying arms and the arms with augmentation are protected. Therefore, the underlying armory can be changed while keeping the augmentation the same (assuming no style problems result). Augmentations are usually registered by the College of Arms in the form "[Blazon of device], and as an augmentation, [blazon of augmentation]".
Badge. A piece of armory used by an individual or group to identify possessions, retainers, members, or other items. A badge is different from a device, which is used solely by its owner (or the owner's herald). See also Fieldless Armory.
Balance. The state of having charges distributed evenly or in accordance with period heraldic rules. Balance is not the same as symmetry. As a general rule, if all the charges are on one side of the shield, the design is considered unbalanced. However, period sensibilities for balance are not always obvious to the modern eye, and period heraldic designs should be consulted before making any categorical statements about balance. By looking at period designs, we find that Azure, in chief three escallops Or is balanced, but Azure, to dexter three escallops in pale Or is less balanced. Likewise, we find that Quarterly gules and argent, in dexter chief a mullet argent is balanced, but Quarterly gules and argent, in dexter base a mullet argent is not balanced.
Blazon. The verbal or written description of a piece of armory.
Branch. An official chapter of the Society.
Byname. The part of a personal name other than the given name. Byname is a broad term that includes hereditary surnames, patronymics, locatives, occupational descriptions and epithets. See also Given Name, Hereditary Surname, Locative Byname, Matronymic, Occupational Byname, Patronymic.
Cadency. The method of modifying armory to indicate a relationship with the owner of the original armory. Changes that were made to distinguish one device from another can be considered the smallest changes that were considered significant enough to be noticed at the time they were used. These changes are called cadency steps. Some changes to heraldry may not indicate cadency but may still be blazonable. Such changes include artistic variants of charges such as the tincture of a horse's mane, or the choice between a cross bottony and a cross crosslet. Systems of cadency vary depending on the time and place.
Change, Major. See Major Change.
Change, Minor. See Minor Change.
Charge. An item placed on a piece of armory. A charge may be directly on the field, overall, or entirely on another charge. A charge may be a simple geometric figure, such as a fess or a roundel, or a representation of an animate or inanimate item, such as a lion or a sword. See the Rules for Submissions, Part VII, for discussion of Compatible Charges. See also Charge Group.
Charge Group. A set of charges used together in a design as a single unit. The charges in groups in heraldry usually fall into standard arrangements depending on their number and what other items are involved in the design. A collection of charges that are arranged in such a standard arrangement are considered a single group, even if they are of different types and/or tinctures. For example, Per fess argent and gules, two towers sable and a roundel argent contains a single group of primary charges in the standard charge arrangement of two and one. See also Peripheral Charge Group, Primary Charge Group, Secondary Charge Group, Slot Machine Heraldry, and Tertiary Charge Group.
Charge Type. See Type, Charge.
Coherent. Said of an armorial design in which all the elements work together to produce a single effect. Usually, a field division or the primary charge establishes a pattern of arranging items on the field. Coherence is diminished by placing elements with no relation to each other, or ignoring the pattern set in the design. Coherence is also diminished by using unlike charges in a group.
College of Arms. The Sovereign(s) of Arms, the warranted heralds on Laurel staff, the Principal Herald of each kingdom, and such other persons as Laurel may deem to be of assistance.
College of Heralds. The Principal Herald of a kingdom, the warranted heralds and pursuivants of a kingdom, and such other persons as the Principal Herald may deem to be of assistance. 
Color. In Society heraldry, the colors are azure, gules, sable, purpure and vert. The furs that use colors as underlying tinctures, such as counter‑ermine and pean, are treated like colors for contrast. See also Metal, Tincture.
Compatible. In keeping with the normal usages for the period and domain of the Society. Guidelines on compatible names are given in Parts II and III, and guidelines for compatible armory are given in Parts VII and VIII of the Rules for Submissions. See also Domain of the Society, Period, SCA-Compatible.
Complexity Count A measure of armorial simplicity described in Part VIII.1 of the Rules for Submission. The Complexity Count is the sum of the number of types of charges and the number of tinctures in an armorial design. Armory with an excessively high complexity count may be returned. However, armorial designs which are period in style may be registered even if they have a high Complexity Count.
Conflict. A submission which is too similar to a protected item is said to be in conflict. The Rules for Submission define name conflict in Part V and armory conflict in Part X.
Contrast. A level of visual distinction between different tinctures. The Rules for Submissions Part VIII, Section 2.a. define good contrast.
Default. Often used as an adjective meaning "standard, not needing to be blazoned," it may be applied to arrangement, orientation, or posture. See Table 4, Conventional SCA Default Postures for a list of established defaults. See also Proper.
Designator. The word used in a non-personal name to define the type of non-personal name. Designators may be the types of official branches, such as Barony, Shire, Kingdom, etc., or they may be other kinds of designations such as Order, Guild, House, Office, Pursuivant and so forth. Designators do not contribute to difference between non-personal names.
Device. A heraldic design that uniquely represents the person or group that owns it. A person who has not been awarded arms may register personal armory as a device. This device will become arms when the person receives an award, grant, or patent of arms. The distinction between arms and a device is not tracked by the College of Arms. See also Armiger, Arms.
Difference, Clear. (Also known as a CD.) In armory, a difference of type, number, tincture, arrangement, or posture that has been deemed equivalent in importance to a cadency step. Clear difference in armory is more fully defined in Part X.4. of the Rules for Submissions. See also Cadency, Conflict, Difference, Significant.
Difference, Significant. (1) In armory, a level of difference which would have been considered by heralds in period to be a cadency step; in most cases, this is a sufficient amount of difference to grant a clear difference. A significant difference is a lesser level of difference of charge type from substantial difference. For example, a pine tree is significantly different from an oak tree (because they have widely differing shapes), but they are not substantially different from each other (because they are both trees). In precedent, a ruling that a change is a significant difference (or CD) should not necessarily be taken to indicate that the change is not a substantial difference. (2) In names, two name phrases are significantly different if they are readily distinguishable both in sound and appearance. Significant difference in names is more fully defined in Part V of the Rules for Submissions, while significant difference in armory is more fully defined in Part X of the Rules for Submissions. See also Cadency; Difference, Clear; Difference, Substantial.
Difference, Substantial. In armory, a level of difference which would have been considered by heralds in period to be more than a cadency step; this is a sufficient amount of difference to apply Rules for Submissions X.2, X.4.a.ii, or X.4.j.ii. For example, a lion is substantially different from a sun. In precedent, a ruling that a change is a Significant Difference (or CD) should not necessarily be taken to indicate that the change is not a Substantial Difference. See also Cadency; Difference, Significant.
Diminutive. (1) In names, a name that is derived from another name as a shortened or pet form. Belet, Bibby, Ibbe, Ibbet, Libbe, and Tibota were all period diminutives of Isabel. Some diminutives are actually longer than the original name. For example Jobin is a period diminutive of Job and Josekyn a period diminutive of Joss. (2) In armory, multiple and (usually) narrower variants of an ordinary are said to be diminutives of it. For example, two bars are diminutives of a fess, and two bendlets are diminutives of a bend. SCA armory does not use single diminutives of charges, as they were considered artistic variants of the single ordinary in period.
Documented. Found in a source that was created before 1600 A.D. More recent sources that quote sources created before 1600 are acceptable as documentation unless they are shown to be erroneous. See also Domain of the Society, Gray Area, Period.
Domain of the Society. Europe and areas that were in contact with Europe before 1600 A.D. See also Documented, Gray Area, Period.
Dynamic. A design arrangement which gives an impression of motion or activity. This can happen by posing charges so that their apparent weight is not over their bases, such as in a depiction of a running man who is leaning forward so that his weight does not appear to be firmly supported by his feet. It can also happen if charges are unevenly spaced to give an impression of motion from one to the next. Dynamic is the opposite of static. In general, dynamic designs are not typical of period heraldry. See also Static.
Element. See Name Element, Armorial Element.
Emblazon. The drawing or graphic depiction of a piece of armory.
Epithet. A byname that describes physical or mental characteristics, personality traits, or characteristic behavior. Little John, Ethelred the Unready, and Richard Gotobedde are all examples of names with epithets. The terms nickname and descriptive byname are also sometimes used.
Ermined Tinctures. These are heraldic furs. There are many possible varieties of these, all based on the design of strewn ermine spots (abstract designs representing ermine tails). The most common are ermine (argent with sable ermine spots), counter-ermine (sable with argent ermine spots; also known as ermines, a term that is not used in the SCA due to the possibility of typographic errors), erminois (Or with sable ermine spots) and pean (sable with Or ermine spots). Other combinations do not have unique names and must be explicitly blazoned as <tincture> ermined <tincture>, e.g., gules ermined argent (gules strewn with argent ermine spots). Unlike other designs featuring strewn charges, the ermine variants are furs and are classed as separate tinctures in their own right, rather than as charged fields. However the ermine spots have the same constraints as charges for purposes of contrast under RfS VIII.2, in that they must have good contrast with the tincture on which they are placed. Azure ermined gules does not have acceptable contrast. For contrast purposes, these furs are classed either as colors or metals according to their underlying tincture (so ermine is classed as a metal, and pean is classed as a color). Ermine spots can also be used as normal charges; if not in a strewn arrangement they are treated no differently from any other charges. See also Field Treatment, Furs, Semy, Tincture.
Field Primary Armory. Armory that has no charges, or an uncharged peripheral ordinary. RfS X.4.a.ii defines special conflict rules for this type of armory. See also Charge, Peripheral Charge Group.
Field Treatment. A repeating pattern drawn in a tincture with good contrast over the field or a charge. Field treatments leave more of the underlying tincture showing than they cover. They are considered a part of the field or charge tincture. The term field treatment is not a standard real-world heraldic description for a class of armorial designs, but is the SCA catch-all term for the few period heraldic designs meeting this description. Field treatments include masoned and the forms of papellony and scaly which are drawn as voided scales. Field treatments do not include the ermined furs, fretty or strewn charges. See also Ermined Tinctures, Semy.
Fieldless Armory. A badge with no specified field tincture; such badges may be displayed on any appropriate background. Badges without fields should be designed as a single unit, with the charges all connected in some way as if they were cast out of metal in a mold. Devices may not be fieldless. See also: Badge.
Fimbriation. Outlining a charge in a contrasting tincture. In general, a simple geometric charge such as a pale, roundel, or heart may be fimbriated, while a charge with a more complex outline such as a lion cannot. Fimbriation is only allowed for charges in the center of the field. See also Voidable Charge.
Furs. In Society heraldry, the furs include ermine, counter-ermine, erminois, pean, vair, potent, and their variants. The furs also include the variants of scaly and papellony which consist of solid-tinctured scales of two alternating tinctures. Furs composed equally of a metal and a color (e.g. vair) are considered neutral for contrast purposes. Furs that use a metal as the underlying tincture (e.g. ermine) are treated as metals for contrast. Furs that use a color as the underlying tincture (e.g. pean) are treated as colors for contrast purposes. See also Ermined Tinctures, Tincture.
Given Name. The name given to a person at birth or in a naming ceremony such as baptism. In the English naming tradition, the given name is usually a person's first name, so Francis Drake's given name is Francis. See also Byname.
Grandfather Clause. The popular name given to the guarantee in Corpora that, once registered, a name or piece of armory remains registered unless the owner requests its release, regardless of changes in the Rules for Submissions and standards applied to submissions after that time. The term Grandfather Clause is also sometimes applied to the provisions that allow a submitter to use elements that they have previously registered in new name or armory submissions, even if those elements are no longer acceptable under the current Rules for Submissions. On a case by case basis, this allowance has been extended to the submitter's immediate legal family. These provisions are stated in Rules for Submissions II.5. and VII.8; a sample letter documenting the right to extend the Grandfather Clause can be found in the Cover Letter for the October 2002 LoAR.
Gray Area. For the purposes of documenting names and armory, anything that can be documented as late as 1650 may be considered acceptable, even though the official cut-off date of the SCA's domain as defined in Corpora is 1600. The period from 1601 to 1650 is known as the "gray area," and exists because it is logical to assume that something current in the period 1601-1650 may also have been current in the last years of the 16th Century, so long as there is no specific evidence to the contrary. Gray area documentation should only be used as a last resort. See also Documented, Domain of the Society, Period.
Group. A collection of people, not necessarily an official branch. Households, orders, and branches are all referred to as groups in the Rules for Submissions.
Group, Charge. See Charge Group.
Half. Many of the Rules for Submission concerning armorial difference discuss change to half a charge group. For the purposes of counting armorial difference, half is usually defined in the mathematical sense. However, in certain circumstances, half may be defined differently, as indicated by precedent. Some of these circumstances are:
-	The bottommost of three charges arranged two and one, either alone on the field or surrounding a central ordinary such as a fess or chevron, is defined as half of that charge group. However, no more than one difference may be obtained by making changes to that bottommost charge.
-	The two portions of a field divided per chevron or per chevron inverted are each considered half for determining difference of the field.
Hardship Clause. It sometimes happens that a submission is delayed so long by circumstances outside the submitter's control that changes in the Rules for Submissions or their interpretation make it unregisterable. Depending on the exact circumstances, and on a case-by-case basis, the submission may be judged according to the older Rules for Submissions and interpretations; this policy is popularly known as the Hardship Clause.
Herald. When used with a capital H, Herald is a title referring to a person at a particular level in the College of Arms. Used with a small h, a herald is a person who works regularly on some aspect of heraldry.
Hereditary Surname. A byname passed to all the offspring in a family, and therefore also called a family name. Modern English surnames usually come last, so Francis Drake's surname is Drake. Other cultures may place their hereditary surnames in other positions in the name. The alternate term "Inherited Surname" is also used to refer to this type of byname. Hereditary surnames are often called simply surnames, but this usage is ambiguous and should be avoided. See also Byname.
Important Non-SCA Names and Armory. Real-world names and armory that Laurel has designated important enough to protect. The standards for what is sufficiently important are found in the Administrative Handbook, Parts III.A&B. See also Protected Armory.
Laurel. The Laurel Sovereign of Arms, who is the principal heraldic officer of the Society and the head of the College of Arms. Laurel is ultimately responsible for seeing that the duties of the heralds, as defined in Corpora, are fulfilled.
Legal Name. This term is used to distinguish the formal name a person has outside the Society from his or her Society name.
Legal Name Allowance. The popular name given to the rule that allows submitters to use elements of their legal names in appropriate locations in a Society name. The details are given in Section II.4 of the Rules for Submission.
Letter of Acceptances and Returns. A monthly letter in which the Laurel Sovereign of Arms publicizes decisions on recent submissions. This is usually abbreviated LoAR. The LoARs are available by subscription from the Laurel office as well as online.
Letter of Comment. A letter written by a member of the College of Arms to discuss current submissions and advise the Sovereign(s) of Arms on the acceptability of the names and armory that are being considered. This is usually abbreviated LoC. In kingdoms which have an internal submissions process using internal Letters of Intent, the Letter of Comment written at the Society level for the College of Arms is often termed an External Letter of Comment (abbreviated ELoC or XLoC) and the Letter of Comment written for use within the Kingdom is termed an Internal Letter of Comment (abbreviated ILoC).
Letter of Intent. A letter written by a Principal Herald or a designated deputy to describe the submissions from their kingdom that they would like to have registered. This is usually abbreviated LoI. A Letter of Intent to Protector a Letter of Intent to Unprotect is a letter written by a member of the College of Arms describing names or armory which the author believes should receive (or should lose) protection as important non-SCA names or armory. These letters are subject to the same administrative processes as standard Letters of Intent. These are usually abbreviated LoItP and LoItU respectively. In kingdoms that have an internal submissions process using Letters of Intent, the Letter of Intent written at the Society level for the College of Arms is often termed an External Letter of Intent (abbreviated ELoI or XLoI) and the Letter of Intent written for use within the Kingdom is termed an Internal Letter of Intent (abbreviated ILoI).
Letter of Pends and Discussion. A letter written by the Sovereign(s) of Arms to identify submissions which have been pended and issues which require discussion by the College of Arms. This is usually abbreviated LoPaD. See also Pended.
Letter of Response. A letter written by a member of the College of Arms for purposes of responding to commentary written in Letters of Comment. This is usually abbreviated LoR.
Location. The placement of a charge or group of charges on the field. For example, three roundels in fess are in a different location than three roundels in chief, although their arrangement remains the same. Also termed Placement and Position. See also Arrangement.
Locative Byname. (Also known as Locative.) A byname referring to a geographical location. The reference may be by name, as in of York and Shropshire, or by description, as in atte Ford and Hill. See also Byname, Placename.
Maintained Charges. Small objects that are held by an animate charge are said to be maintained, such as a lion rampant maintaining a sword. Maintained charges are considered too small to count towards difference. See also Sustained Charges.
Major Change. Used in the name registration process to describe a degree of change which the submitter may allow, or refuse to allow, to be made to the name in order to allow it to be registered. Major changes include dropping an element or phrase, changing the order of the name elements, and changing the language of an element. See also Minor Change.
Matronymic. A byname given to offspring to indicate the name of the mother. The daughter of a Yorkshirewoman named Rose might take the matronymic Rosedoghter. Sometimes spelled "metronymic". See also Byname, Patronymic.
Metal. In Society heraldry, the metals are argent and Or. Furs that use metals as underlying tinctures, such as ermine and erminois, are treated as metals for contrast. See also Color, Furs, Tinctures.
Minor Change. Used in the name registration process to describe a degree of change which the submitter may allow, or refuse to allow, to be made to the name in order to allow it to be registered. Minor changes include accents, punctuation, hyphenation, addition or deletion of a letter, upper-lower case changes, etc. See also Major Change.
Modern. For Society purposes, "modern" is anything after 1600 A.D. See also Period, Gray Area.
Modest Proposal. The name given to the proposal, implemented in 1996, that the College of Arms restrict calling conflict of submitted armory to national arms, national flags, and a limited subset of other non-SCA armory. Such non-SCA armory which is still protected is added to and listed in the Armorial and Ordinary of the College of Arms. See also Letter of Intent.
Mon. Japanese armorial insignia. The SCA allows mon-like designs only if they can be blazoned in European heraldic terms.
Monster. An heraldic monster is any creature used in heraldry that does not exist outside the imagination. Monsters may either be clearly invented, such as the griffin, or a confused interpretation of a genuine animal, such as the heraldic tyger.
Mundane Name Allowance. See Legal Name Allowance.
Name, Alternate. Any name a participant in the Society registers with the College of Arms other than the primary name. See also Name, Primary.
Name Element. A part of a name. A name element is usually a single word, such as a given name or an adjective in a descriptive byname. Part II of the Rules for Submissions describes compatible name elements. A name phrase is made up of name elements; while these terms are sometimes used interchangeably, they help to distinguish issues involving the construction of words from issues of the construction of appropriate grammatical phrases. For example, in the name Richard of Sheepford, Sheepford is a name element, while the byname of Sheepford is a name phrase. See also Name Phrase.
Name, Legal. See Legal Name.
Name Phrase. A name phrase is a component of a name, such as a given name or a byname. It can be a single word, such as a given name or byname, or a collection of words that are grammatically linked and together serve as a byname, like an article and its noun such as the Smith, a preposition and its object such as of York, or an adjective and the noun it modifies such as White Horse. A name phrase is made up of name elements; while these terms are sometimes used interchangeably, they help to distinguish issues involving the construction of words from issues of the construction of appropriate grammatical phrases. For example, in the name Richard of Sheepford, Sheepford is a name element, while the byname of Sheepford is a name phrase. The required designator in household and Society order names is a name phrase. See also Name Element.
Name, Primary. The name under which College of Arms records, including armory registrations, are kept. Also known as Society Name. See also Name, Alternate.
Name, Society. See Name, Primary.
Neutral Tincture. A term used to refer to fields or charges equally divided of a color and a metal. Elements that are neutral are generally considered to have good contrast with colors and metals so long as they do not share any tincture. For example, a field per pale sable and argent has good contrast with a bordure gules, but not with a bordure sable. See also Color, Fur, Metal, Tincture.
Occupational Byname. A byname indicating the bearer's occupation, such as Smith and Fleshewer (for a butcher). See also Byname.
Onomastic. Of or related to the study of names.
One-Half. See Half.
Or. In blazon the tincture yellow or gold. By convention, the tincture Or is capitalized in SCA blazons.
Ordinary. (1) A simple geometric charge. Although different lists of ordinaries may be found in heraldic texts, in SCA heraldry the term denotes those simple geometric figures that pass through the center of the field and terminate at the edge of the field (the pale, fess, bend, bend sinister, chevron, cross, saltire, pall, and pile), their diminutives, and the simple geometric additions to the edges of the field (such as the chief and bordure). (2) A list of pieces of armory, organized by charge types. See also Armorial.
Orientation. The direction a charge faces and the direction its axis runs. Swords, by default, have a palewise orientation, with point to chief and the length of the sword vertical on the shield. Other orientations include bendwise, fesswise, inverted, reversed, or contourny. Orientation is sometimes confused with arrangement. Orientation is an aspect of posture and is controlled by the same rule for difference: X.4.h. See also Arrangement, Posture.
Overall Charge. A charge that crosses over both edges of another charge to lie on the field on either side. For instance, Or, a lion rampant purpure and overall a fess sable has the fess starting on the field on one side, crossing over the center of the lion, and lying on the field on the other side. An overall charge is considered to lie directly on the field, and must have good contrast with it. An overall charge can never be the primary charge; in addition, there can only be a single group of overall charges.
Partition. A division of the field into pieces that have different tinctures. Some partitions follow and are named after ordinaries, like per pale, per fess, per bend, and per saltire; others have their own names, like checky, lozengy, and quarterly.
Patronymic. A byname given to offspring to indicate the name of the father. The son of an Irishman named Brian might use the patronymic mac Briain. This term is used generally in the Rules for Submissions to mean both patronymic and matronymic. See also Byname, Matronymic.
Pelican. The Pelican Sovereign of Arms, who is a principal heraldic officer of the Society after the Laurel Principal Sovereign of Arms.
Pended. A submission is pended when the College of Arms has not been provided with sufficient information to provide adequate commentary. This can be either because the Letter of Intent has an error, or because an issue was raised in commentary which must be resolved before the pended submission may be considered. When a Letter of Intent is in error, submissions will only be pended if the error can be described succinctly in text; an omitted or misleading emblazon is grounds for return. See also Letter of Pends and Discussion.
Period. A term used to refer to the culture the Society attempts to recreate, specifically "pre‑Seventeenth Century Western European culture". See also Domain of the Society, Gray Area.
Period of the Society. The time before 1600 A.D.
Peripheral Charge Group. A charge or group of charges that are placed on the field near the edge of a piece of armory without affecting the rest of the design. Peripheral charges include (but are not limited to): the chief, the bordure, the base (including the point pointed), the quarter, the canton, the gyron, the orle, the double tressure, and flaunches. Gores and gussets are not peripheral charges (because they extend so far into the center of the field). Peripheral charges are never primary charges, even if they are the only charges on the field. Peripheral Charge Groups are a type of secondary charge group. See also Field Primary Armory, Ordinary, Primary Charge Group, Secondary Charge Group, Semy, Tertiary Charge Group.
Permission to Conflict. The owner of any registered item may allow the registration of a specific submission that would otherwise conflict by writing a letter of permission to conflict, or may direct Laurel to reduce the level of protection of that item with a blanket letter of permission to conflict. Permission to conflict can be granted for either name or armory submissions. Provisions for permission to conflict are detailed in the Administrative Handbook, parts III.C.3 & 4 of the Administrative Handbook, and a sample letter of permission to conflict can be found in Appendix D of the Administrative Handbook. See also Permission to Presume.
Permission to Presume. The owner of any registered item may allow the registration of a specific submission that would otherwise presume a relationship by writing a letter of permission to presume. This allows a person to claim a close relationship to someone whose name is already registered. Provisions for permission to presume for names are discussed in RfS VI.3. Permission to presume may be required for armory under RfS I.3. For example, an armory submission including a chief charged with the phrase "Cariadoc of the Bow” would need permission to presume from Cariadoc of the Bow in order to avoid a claim to a relationship that does not exist. See also Permission to Conflict.
Persona Story. As used in the College of Arms, the term refers to an attempt to justify a name combining elements from disparate cultures by reference to the persona's fictional biography. It is College policy to ignore persona stories.
Petition of Support. A document signed by a majority of the populace and officers, or the seneschal and three-quarters of the officers of a Society branch, stating their support of the name and/or arms submitted to Laurel for registration. A branch with ruling nobles must include a statement of support from the ruling nobles in the petition. A valid petition must include a clear description of the item submitted; either the blazon or emblazon is sufficient for a petition regarding branch arms, though both are preferable. Special rules may apply to submissions by Kingdoms and Principalities. These rules are described in the Administrative Handbook, Part IV.C.5.
Phrase. See Name Phrase.
Place Name. The name for a geographic area, such as the name of a town or region. In the Society, place names are the names of shires, baronies, principalities, kingdoms, and other official branches. SCA and real-world place names can be used to create locative bynames. See also Locative Bynames.
Placement. See Location.
Position. See Location.
Posture. The pose in which a beast or other animate charge is placed, such as rampant, passant, etc. Orientation is an aspect of posture and is controlled by the same rule for difference: X.4.h. See also Arrangement, Orientation.
Precedent. A decision by Laurel regarding a submission that may be applied to other similar submissions. Only expressly stated Laurel decisions should be considered precedents; registrations without comment do not necessarily set precedent. The accumulated precedents of the Laurel office, filed by topic, are available to the public both through Free Trumpet Press and through the Laurel web site.
Presumptuous. Claiming more importance for oneself than one is due. A person who pretends to be entitled to special treatment or recognition because of status, rank, or abilities that the person does not hold or has not earned is presumptuous.
Pretentious. See Presumptuous.
Primary Charge Group. The most important group of charges in a piece of armory. In blazons, the primary charge group is usually mentioned immediately after the field (though a strewn charge group is not primary when it is blazoned before a central charge group). If there is a central ordinary lying entirely on the field, it is the primary charge. If there is no such central ordinary, then the primary charge group is the set of charges of the same size that lie in the center of the design and directly on the field. An overall charge can never be the primary charge. In any piece of armory with charges there will always be a primary charge group, unless the only charges are peripheral. There cannot be more than one primary charge group in any given design. In Gules, a pale between two mullets argent, the pale is the primary charge. In Or, a maunche between three roundels azure the maunche is the primary charge. In Per chevron argent and sable, two roses and a fleur-de-lys counterchanged and on a chief purpure three hearts argent, the roses and fleur-de-lys are the primary charge group, because they are all of about the same size and in a standard arrangement. In Azure semy of mullets and a chief argent the strewn mullets are the primary charge group; in Azure semy of mullets, an eagle and a chief argent the eagle is the primary charge. In Sable, a lion Or, overall a bend argent, the lion is the primary charge. In Azure, a chief Or there is no primary charge group. See also Overall Charge Group, Peripheral Charge Group, Secondary Charge Group, Semy, Tertiary Charge Group.
Primary Name. See Name, Primary.
Principal Herald. The chief heraldic officer of a kingdom, and a Great Officer of State in that kingdom. The Principal Herald is in charge of all heraldic activities within the kingdom.
Proper. (1) Specifying that a charge appears in its natural hues. A zebra proper has the zebra's characteristic pattern of black and white stripes; a tree proper has a brown trunk and green leaves. Proper should not be used to indicate colorings that can be easily described in terms of the usual heraldic tinctures: a raven proper is better blazoned as a raven sable. It should also be used only if a competent artist will be able to draw the animal correctly without extensive research. (2) Indicates a standard set of tinctures for a standard heraldic charge, such as a sword proper, which has an argent blade and Or hilt and quillons, or a rose proper, which is a rose gules, barbed vert and seeded Or. See Table 3, Conventional Proper Colorings for a listing of proper tinctures defined in precedent.
Protected Armory. Armory with which new Society armory may not conflict. This includes armory that has been registered in the Society, as well as armory from outside the Society which is deemed important enough to protect. All protected armory is published in the Society Armorial and Ordinary, but is protected as soon it is so identified, and does not wait until the next publication of the Society Armorial and Ordinary to be protected. The Armorial and Ordinary is available from Free Trumpet Press West and, unofficially, via various web sites linked from the Laurel web page. The list of protected armory from outside the Society may be modified to add or remove entries as further research directs. Protected armory is described in the Administrative Handbook, part III.B. See also Armorial, Important Non-SCA Armory, Letter of Intent, Ordinary.
Regional Style. Regional style refers to heraldry or naming practices of a particular time and place. A submission must be entirely consistent with a single regional style in order to be considered under the regional style sections of the armory rules on documented exceptions which are found in part VIII.6.b of the Rules for Submissions.
Registration. Acceptance by the Sovereign(s) of Arms of a piece of armory or name for future protection. The College of Arms will only register items it believes are compatible with period names and armory, are not offensive or presumptuous, and do not conflict with items already protected. Registered items are protected from conflict with other proposed names and armory to the best ability of the College of Arms.
Required Charges. Branch arms are required to incorporate certain charges in the design. These required charges are for branch arms only, not badges. The requirements are listed in the Administrative Handbook Part II.D.2. See also Reserved Charges, Restricted Charges.
Reserved Charges. Some charges are specifically reserved in the Society for use by particular groups or individuals, for instance the coronet with strawberry leaves reserved to Dukes and Duchesses, the circle of chain reserved to Knights, or the Laurel wreath reserved to Society branches. These charges are listed in Table 1: Reserved Charges.
Restricted Charges. Some charges are so closely associated with royal families or specific honors outside the Society that they may not be used in Society armory at all. Examples of these include Azure semy‑de‑lys Or used by France, a Chinese Dragon with five toes used only by Chinese Emperors, or a Tudor Rose. Others have acquired such negative connotations that their registration may cause offense to a significant portion of the population. An example of such is the swastika, because of its association with the Nazis. Such charges are listed in Table 2: Restricted Charges.
SCA-Compatible. This term is applied to elements of submissions (whether name or armorial) that, to the best of our knowledge, were not used in period but which have been declared registerable on the basis of their great popularity, such as Rhiannon and compass stars. The use of an SCA-compatible element is a weirdness. See also Weirdnesses, Rule of Two.
Secondary Charge Group. A group of charges on the field around the primary charge group. A design may have more than one secondary charge group. Each group may confer difference independently. In Gules, a pale between two mullets argent, the mullets are the secondary charge group. The secondary charges in Or, a maunche between three roundels azure are the roundels. In Sable, a chevron cotised argent between three millrinds Or there are two secondary charge groups, the cotises and the millrinds. In Per chevron argent and sable, two roses and a fleur-de-lys counterchanged and on a chief purpure three hearts argent, the chief is the secondary charge group. A peripheral charge group is a type of secondary charge group. See also Charge Group, Peripheral Charge Group, Primary Charge Group, Semy, Tertiary Charge Group.
Semy. An adjective meaning that something is strewn with identical charges. (It is from the French semé, the past participle of the verb semer 'to strew'.) A field Azure semy-de-lys Or is blue with a pattern of gold fleurs-de-lys on it. A bordure vert semy of rowels argent is green and is charged with several (at least five and usually eight) white rowels evenly spaced around it. The charges so used are called strewn charges. When placed directly on the field, strewn charges are considered a separate charge group from any other charges. Strewn charges may be considered the primary charge group if there are no other charge groups present or if the only other charge groups present are peripheral charge groups. When placed on another charge, strewn charges are considered a tertiary charge group. Strewn charges are not considered a field treatment. Ermine spots in an ermined tincture are not considered strewn charges; they are considered part of a separate tincture. See also Ermined Tinctures, Field Treatment, Peripheral Charge Group, Primary Charge Group, Tertiary Charge Group.
Slot Machine Heraldry. The popular name given to the part of Rule for Submissions VIII.1.a., which states that "three or more types of charges should not be used in the same [charge] group." In Argent, in fess a cherry gules, a bell sable, and a lime vert, there are three types of charges (cherry, bell, and lime) in the primary charge group; in Argent, two lions combattant and a sword and axe crossed in saltire, there are also three types of charges (lion, sword, and axe) in the primary charge group. 
Society. The Society for Creative Anachronism, Inc.
Society Name. See Name, Primary.
Static. In a design context, this means all the elements appear fixed and unmoving. Heraldic postures usually appear to place the weight of any beast firmly on its feet and the body posed unnaturally in a stiff position. Designs are balanced around the center of the shield so that the design looks rigid. Static designs are typical of period heraldry. The opposite of static is dynamic. See also Dynamic.
Strewn Charges. See Semy.
Style. The way elements are combined to form a complete name or armory submission.
Submission. A name or piece of armory that is presented to the College of Arms for registration.
Submitter. The person who presents a submission to the College of Arms for registration.
Supported Charges. See Sustained Charges.
Surname. See Hereditary Surname.
Sustained Charges. Large objects that are held by an animate charge are often said to be sustained, such as a lion rampant sustaining a polearm. A charge is said to be sustained if it is large enough to count towards difference. The rule of thumb is whether, if the charge and the charge sustained were separated, the two charges would be so nearly equivalent in size that they could reasonably be blazoned as a single group of two equally important charges. Another term for sustained charges is supported charges, such as a lion rampant supporting a polearm. See also Maintained Charges.
Sword and Dagger rule. The popular name given to rulings which disallow the use of similar but non-identical charges together on the field or in the same charge group. In Gules, a dragon and a wyvern combattant argent the dragon and the wyvern are both on the field, and are similar but not identical; therefore this design violates the rule. Closely related are the rulings which disallow the use of the same charge in a primary and secondary group. In Gules, a mullet and in chief three mullets Or, both groups of mullets are on the field; therefore this design violates the rule. Conversely, in Gules, a mullet and on a chief Or three mullets gules the rule is not violated, as the two groups of mullets are not both on the field.
Tertiary Charge Group. Any group of charges placed entirely on other charges. Tertiary charges in a group may be together, such as three charges on a chief, or may each be on members of the same charge group. Per chevron argent and sable, two roses and a fleur-de-lys counterchanged and on a chief purpure three hearts argent has one group of tertiary charges on the chief. Gules, a chevron between three roses Or, each charged with a cross fitchy sable has one group of tertiary charges, the crosses. Or, on a fess gules an escallop between two millrinds Or, all within a bordure vert charged with eight roundels argent has two groups of tertiary charges, one group with the escallop and millrinds and the other with the roundels. Each tertiary group contributes to difference independently. See also Peripheral Charge Group, Primary Charge Group, Semy.
Tincture. One of the seven standard hues used in Society armory, or a fur. The tinctures are the colors azure, gules, purpure, sable, and vert and the metals argent and Or. Furs include the ermined furs and vair, potent, scaly, papelonny, and their variations. See also Color, Ermined Tinctures, Fur, Metal.
Title. (1) A form of address that indicates the rank of the person using it. The Society has formally reserved the titles found in Appendix C of the Administrative Handbook and their translations into languages other than English. These titles may only be used as authorized in Corpora. (2) A heraldic title is the name of a heraldic office (such as Pelican and Wreath) and is unrelated to rank. See also Herald, Laurel, Pelican, Wreath.
"Toyota", Rule of. An informal term referring to the idea that the submitter may register armory that is not the best style or taste so long as it does not violate the Rules for Submissions. This is based on the advertising slogan "You Asked for It, You Got It!"
Type, Charge. The kind of a charge in a piece of armory. Gules, a chevron between two candles and a lantern Or has three types of charges: chevrons, candles, and lanterns. Argent, on a pale purpure between two lions combattant gules three lions passant Or has two types of charges: pales, and lions in two different postures. See also Peripheral Charge Group, Primary Charge Group, Secondary Charge Group, Tertiary Charge Group.
Variants, Linguistic. Different spellings or pronunciations of the same word. Spelling was not fixed during the period studied by the Society, and often changed over time, so a single word may have several variant forms. To be registered, variants must be documented as plausible following the guidelines in the Rules for Submission Part II.
Voidable Charge. A charge which can be voided, that is, have the middle cut out, allowing the field or other tincture to show through. The cutout portion should both be of the same shape as the charge and follow along the outline of the charge. In general, a simple geometric charge such as a pale, roundel, or a heart is voidable, while a charge with a more complex outline such as a lion is not. Charges in the center of the field are considered voidable and charges elsewhere on the field are not. This does not, of course, affect charges that are voided as part of their nature, such as mascles and annulets. See also Fimbriation.
Weirdness. See Weirdnesses, Rule of Two.
Weirdnesses, Rule of Two. An informal term referring to the idea that the College can usually accept a name or armorial design that has one break with the usual period style provided that it is not overly obtrusive. A name or device that has two violations of period style, or two weirdnesses, is less likely to be registered. These weirdnesses are defined in precedents. See also SCA-compatible.
Wreath. The Wreath Sovereign of Arms, who is a principal heraldic officer of the Society after the Laurel Principal Sovereign of Arms.

Table 1
Reserved Charges

Name	Reserved for	
Baldric, White	Masters of Arms	
Belt, White	Knights	
Chapeau	Order of the Pelican	
Chaplet of roses	Princesses	
Charged canton	Augmentation	
Multiply charged single inescutcheon	Augmentation or arms of pretense	
Two straight trumpets in saltire	Heraldic offices	
Crown/Coronet	Kingdom/Principality armory; Personal armory of Society Royal Peers and Court Barons/Baronesses	
Laurel wreath	Society branch arms	
Orle or annulet of chain	Knights	
Pelican in its piety	Order of the Pelican	
Pelican vulning itself	Order of the Pelican	
Wreaths of roses	Queens; Members of the Order of the Rose	

Table 2
Restricted Charges

Name	Blazon	Symbol of	
Red cross	A cross couped gules on an argent background	International Red Cross (protected by international treaty)	
Belt strap	A charge within a belt strap	Scottish clan badges, when the belt strap encircles charge(s)	
Crowned Harp	A crowned harp	Ireland	
Crowned Rose	A crowned [Tudor] rose	England	
Crowned Shamrock	A crowned trefoil (or shamrock)	Ireland	
Crowned Thistle	A crowned Scottish thistle	Scotland	
Flaming Cross	A cross enflamed, or A cross of flames	Ku Klux Klan	
France ancient	Azure, semy-de-lis Or	France	
France modern	Azure, three fleurs-de-lis Or	France	
Fylfot	See Swastika		
Hand of Glory	On a flame a hand; A hand enflamed	Black magic	
Imperial Dragon	A five-toed Chinese dragon	Emperor of China	
Papal Cross	A cross with three cross-pieces in chief	Pope	
Pentacle/Pentagram	A mullet voided and interlaced/ within and conjoined to an annulet	Inverted version perceived as a symbol of black magic and "satanism"; upright version insufficiently different from inverted version	
Red Hand of Ulster	A sinister hand appaumy gules on argent canton or inescutcheon	British Baronets 	
Rose en soleil	A rose with sunbeams emanating	Plantagenet kings of England	
Royal Dragon	A four-toed Chinese dragon	Ruler of Korea	
Scottish Tressure	A double tressure flory counter-flory	Scottish augmentation; an orle fleury (counter-fleury) is insufficiently different	
Swastika	A swastika or a fylfot	Nazi Party (NSDAP)	
Triskelion gammadion	A triskelion gammadion	Afrikaaner Weerstandsbeweging, a white supremacist group	
Tudor Rose	The combination of a rose argent and a rose gules, whether as a double rose or in some other manner which creates a half-white, half-red rose	Tudors	

Table 3
Conventional "Proper" Colorings
Most monsters, e.g., griffins, unicorns, sea-lions, etc., being mythical creatures, have no "proper" coloration. Natural animals which are frequently found as brown but also commonly appear in other tinctures in the natural world may be registered as a brown [animal name] proper (e. g., brown hound proper, brown horse proper).

Charge	Tincture or Blazon	Tincture Class	
Acorn	Brown	Color	
Animals	Varies by specific animal	n/a	
Antler/Ivory	White or light yellow brown	Metal	
Arrow	Brown shaft, black head, tincture of fletching specified	Color	
Axe	No defined proper tincture	n/a	
Barbed and seeded	Green sepals, yellow seeds	Ignored	
Bear	No default; must be specified	n/a	
Boar	Brown	Color	
Bread	Brown	Color	
Bull/Cow	No default; must be specified	n/a	
Camel	No default; must be specified	n/a	
Carrot	No defined proper tincture	n/a	
Cherub	No defined proper tincture	n/a	
Chough	Black with red beak and legs	Color	
Cloves	Dark brown	Color	
Daisy	Argent seeded Or	Metal	
Deer/Stag	Brown	Color	
Dog/Wolf	No default; must be specified	n/a	
Dolphin	Green with red fins	Color	
Dolphin, natural	Gray	Metal	
Dove	White with pink or red beak and legs	Metal	
Elephant	Gray with white tusks	Metal	
Falcon	Brown	Color	
Fire/flame	Alternately red and yellow or yellow and red	Neutral	
Ford	A base wavy barry wavy blue and white	Neutral	
Fountain	A roundel barry wavy blue and white	Neutral	
Fox	Red with black "socks" and white at tip of tail	Color	
Hammer	Sable shafted of brown wood	Color	
Hare	Brown	Color	
Harp	Brown	Color	
Horse	No default; must be specified	n/a	
Humans/human parts	Caucasian by default, i.e., pink or white (See also Moor)	Metal	
Ibex	Brown	Color	
Ladybug	No defined proper tincture	n/a	
Lavender 	Purple flowers, green leaves and stem	Color	
Leaf	Green (sometimes with a brown stem)	Color	
Leather/leather items	Brown	Color	
Mermaid	Caucasian human with green tail and yellow hair	Neutral	
Monster	Most have no proper tincture	n/a	
Moor	Brown with black hair	Color	
Moose	Brown	Color	
Mouse	No default; must be specified	n/a	
Owl	No default; must be specified	n/a	
Parchment	Tan or yellow	Metal	
Peacock	Mostly blue and green with "eyes" in the tail	Color	
Pickaxe	Black, shafted brown	Color	
Plants	Green, sometimes with brown stems	Color	
Pomegranate	Green, seeded red	Color	
Popinjay	Green with red details	Color	
Pretzel	Brown	Color	
Rabbit	Brown	Color	
Rainbow	(on color field: from top to bottom)
Yellow, red, green, white; white clouds	Metal	
	(on metal field from top to bottom) 
Blue, green, gold, red; cloud color must be specified	Color	
Rainbow, natural	(from top to bottom)
Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, white clouds	Neutral	
Raven	Sable 	Sable	
Rose	Red, barbed green and seeded yellow	Color	
Saracen	As a default Human	Metal	
Seraph	Caucasian skin, red hair, multicolored wings	n/a	
Slipped and leaved	Brown or green stem and green leaves	Color	
Stone/stone items	Gray	Metal	
Sword	White with yellow hilt and quillons	Metal	
Thistle	Green sepals, stem, leaves; purple or red flower	Color	
Tiger	No default; must be specified	n/a	
Tree	Brown trunk, green leaves	Color	
Urchin	Brown with white face and belly	Color	
Weaver's slea	Brown	Color	
Wood/wooden items	Brown	Color	
Zebra	White striped black	Metal	

Table 4
Conventional S.C.A. Default Postures
In general, the end of a charge that is to chief when the charge is palewise will be to dexter when the same charge is placed fesswise (as if rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise). A sword fesswise, for example, has its point to dexter, and an arrow fesswise has its feathers to dexter. The most common exception is the (quill) pen: when palewise, it has its nib to base, but when it is fesswise, the nib is to dexter.

Charge	Default Posture	
Abacus	Fesswise	
Acorn	Palewise, stem to chief	
Angel	Affronty	
Anvil	Single-horned, horn to dexter	
Arrow	Palewise, point to base; when fesswise, point to sinister	
Arrowhead	Point to base	
Attire, Stag's	Fesswise, stump to dexter	
Axe	Palewise, head to chief	
Badger	Statant	
Barnacles	Palewise, hinge to chief	
Barrel	Fesswise	
Bat	See Reremouse	
Bee	Tergiant	
Bellows	Palewise, spout to base	
Birds	Generally close; see specific birds as well	
Bone	Palewise	
Book, open	Palewise	
Book, closed	Fesswise	
Bow	Palewise, string to sinister (when fesswise, string is to base)	
Broach, Embroiderer's	Palewise, forked end to chief	
Broadarrow	Palewise, point to base	
Brush (artist's)	Palewise, tuft to chief	
Calipers	Points to base	
Candle	Palewise	
Catapult	"Rest" position, with the arm neither cocked and ready, nor at full release	
Chair	Affronty	
Cockatrice	Statant, wings addorsed	
Comet	Palewise, head to chief	
Crampon	Palewise	
Crane	In its vigilance (close, standing on one foot, holding a stone in the other)	
Crossbow	Palewise, bow to chief, cocked	
Cup	Palewise, mouth to chief	
Daffodil	No default; must be specified	
Demi-beast	Erect	
Dice	In trian aspect, showing three of the sides with one square face forward	
Dolphin	Naiant	
Dragon	Segreant	
Drop Spindle	Palewise whorl to base	
Drum	Palewise, head to chief	
Eagle	Displayed	
Eel	Fesswise wavy	
Escallop	Hinge to chief	
Falcon	Close (often, but not always, belled and jessed)	
Fan	Open or spread	
Fasces	Palewise	
Feather	Palewise, quill point to base (when fesswise, quill point is to dexter)	
Fer-a-loup	Convex cutting edge to base	
Fetterlock	Bolt to base	
Fish	Naiant	
Fork	Palewise, tines to chief	
Fruit	Generally, those that hang from a stem (e.g., apples) have the stem to chief; those that grow from the ground (e.g., artichokes) have the stem to base	
Frog	Tergiant	
Furison	Fesswise, flat edge to base 	
Goad	Palewise, point to chief 	
Goose	Close 	
Griffin	Segreant 	
Gyronny of six	Per fess, with the upper and lower halves divided into thirds 	
Hammer	Palewise, head to chief, striking surface to dexter 	
Harp	Forepillar to dexter (i.e., soundbox to sinister) 	
Harpy	Close 	
Head, Beast	Facing dexter 	
Head, Bird	Facing dexter (except Owl's head) 	
Head, Human and Humanoid	Generally: If feminine or child, affronty (guardant);
if masculine, facing dexter	
Head, Owl	Guardant	
Hedgehog (or Urchin)	Statant	
Heron	Close	
Hoe	Palewise, blade to base	
Horn (animal or monster)	Palewise, point to chief or point to dexter	
Horn (drinking)	Palewise, bell to chief	
Horn (hunting)	Bell to dexter	
Horn (straight trumpet)	Palewise, bell to chief	
Horn of plenty	Effluent to dexter	
Horseshoe	Opening to base	
Hourglass	Palewise	
Humans	Statant affronty	
Humanoid monsters	Statant affronty	
Hunting horn	See Horn (hunting)	
Insect	Tergiant	
Jambe	See Leg, Beast	
Key	Fesswise, wards to dexter and facing downwards; when palewise, must be specified (wards to chief or wards to base)	
Knife	See Sword	
Kraken	Tentacles to chief 	
Ladder	Palewise 	
Ladle	Palewise, bowl to base and facing dexter 	
Leaf	Palewise, stem to base	
Leg, Beast	Palewise, claws to chief 	
Leg, Bird	Palewise, claws to base 	
Leg, Dragon	Palewise, claws to chief	
Leg, Human	Palewise, foot to base 	
Lion	Rampant 	
Lotus	No default; must be specified	
Lure	Cord to chief 	
Lute	Palewise affronty (strings facing viewer), but with the pegbox visible 	
Lightning Bolt	No default; must be specified	
Mace	Palewise, head to chief	
Mandrake	Affronty	
Martlet	Close	
Mask	Affronty	
Mermaid/Merman	Erect affronty	
Mount	Issuant from base	
Mountain	Issuant from base	
Mushroom	Couped	
Musical Instruments	Generally, palewise affronty (finger holes or strings facing viewer)	
Nail	Palewise, point to base	
Needle	Palewise, point to base	
Oar	Palewise, blade to chief	
Ostrich	Close, holding a horseshoe in its mouth	
Owl	Close guardant	
Panther	Guardant; body posture must be specified	
Pegasus	No default; must be specified	
Pen, quill	Palewise, nib to base (when fesswise, nib to dexter)	
Pheon	Palewise, point to base	
Phoenix	Rising from flames, wings displayed	
Pine Cone	Palewise, but must be specified whether stem to chief or to base	
Pitcher	Palewise, spout to dexter	
Polearm	Palewise, blade to chief	
Pole-Cannon	Palewise, mouth to chief	
Printer's Ball	Handle to chief	
Psaltery	Strings affronty	
Ram, Battering	Fesswise, head to dexter	
Raven	Close	
Recorder	Palewise, bell to base, finger holes facing viewer	
Reremouse	Displayed guardant	
Sackbut	Palewise, bell to base; when fesswise, bell to dexter	
Scorpion	Tergiant	
Scourge	Handle to base	
Scroll, Closed	No default; must be specified	
Scroll, Open	Palewise	
Scythe	Palewise, blade to chief	
Sea-Horse	Erect	
Sea-Lion	Erect	
Sea-Monster	Erect	
Seeblatt	Point to base	
Shave, Currier's	Fesswise, edge to base	
Sheaf	A sheaf consists of two objects in saltire surmounted by a third palewise 	
Shell, Snail	Opening to dexter 	
Shell, Whelk	Palewise, opening to chief 	
Ship	Fesswise, bow to dexter 	
Shoe	Fesswise, toe to dexter 	
Shuttle, Weaver's	Fesswise 	
Silkie	Erect guardant	
Simurgh	No default; must be specified	
Sitar	Palewise, neck to chief	
Slea, Weaver's	Fesswise	
Sling	Cup to base, thongs to chief	
Spade/Shovel	Palewise, blade to base	
Spear	Palewise, point to chief	
Spider	Tergiant	
Spur	Palewise, rowel to chief	
Spoon	Palewise affronty, bowl to chief	
Squirrel	Sejant erect	
Swan	Rousant (rising)	
Sword	Palewise, point to chief	
Tankard	Palewise, mouth to chief and handle to sinister	
Thistle	Palewise, slipped and leaved	
Tree	Palewise, leaves to chief, with just a little of the root structure visible	
Trillium	Affronty, petals in pall	
Trimount	Issuant from base	
Trumpet	Palewise, bell to chief	
Turtle	Tergiant palewise	
Unicorn	Rampant	
Urchin	Statant	
Viol	Palewise, neck to chief	
Wake knot 	Fesswise 	
Weapons	Generally, palewise, "business end" to chief	
Winged object	Wings displayed	
Winged quadrupedal monsters	Wings addorsed	
Wreath	Circular, with the tips of the two branches nearly touching to chief	
Wyvern	Statant	

APPENDIX 1
Terms Commonly Misused in the SCA College of Arms
Above. An ambiguous term which should be avoided in blazon. Generally, two charges one of which is "above" the other on the field can be blazoned as in pale or an X and in chief a Y. See also Atop.
Atop. Said of a charge which is conjoined to another charge to base, e.g. a falcon perched atop a gauntleted cubit arm fesswise is in pale a falcon conjoined at the feet to a gauntleted cubit arm fesswise. See also Above, Upon.
Bendwise sinister. Lying diagonally across the field from sinister chief to dexter base. Frequently misblazoned as "bend sinisterwise", bendwise indicates the angular orientation, and sinister modifies that orientation.
Contourny. Often used to describe an animate charge facing to sinister, so that a lion rampant contourny is a lion rampant to sinister. There is no "e" in contourny (the French usage is contourné(e), depending on the gender of the noun being modified). See also Reversed.
Cross. The plural of cross crosslet is crosses crosslet.
Dancetty. Applies only to a two-sided ordinary (such as a pale or fess) which zig-zags or "dances" across the field. Indeed, a fess dancetty may be blazoned simply as a dance. Modern non-SCA heraldic treatises define dancetty as a larger version of indented, but period blazons do not make this distinction. See also Indented.
Enflamed. A charge which has small gouts of flame issuing from it. See also On a flame.
Feather. The feather of a bird. See also Quill pen, Quill.
Fleur-de-lys. The plural of fleur-de-lys is fleurs-de-lys.
Formy. Term applied to certain crosses with splayed limbs, used in preference to the more ambiguous term paty. See also Paty.
Indented. Applies to a line of division which zig-zags across the field, e.g., per fess indented, a chief indented. Victorian and modern non-SCA heraldic treatises define indented as a smaller version of dancetty, but period blazons do not make this distinction. See also Dancetty.
On. Said of a charge or group of charges which is placed entirely on other charges (tertiary charges); e.g., on a pale argent a sword gules; on a chief sable three escallops argent. See also Upon.
On a flame. A charge completely surrounded by a flame is said to be on a flame. See also Enflamed.
Paty. Term sometimes used which describes an entire family of crosses with splayed limbs, not used in SCA blazon. See also Formy.
Plurals. The plural of [a charge name plus modifier] is always [charges plus modifier] (e.g., lion rampant/lions rampant; cross fleury/crosses fleury). See also Cross, Fleur-de-lys.
Principal. "Most important; chief" (Webster's II New Riverside Dictionary).The principal herald of a kingdom is the Great Officer of State in charge of heraldry and the College of Heralds of that kingdom.
Principle. "A rule or code of behavior" (Webster's II New Riverside Dictionary).The College of Arms expects the principal heralds to be of high principles.
Quill. An heraldic term for a spool about which yarn or thread is wound. Also called Embroiderer's quill, Quill of yarn. See also Quill Pen, Feather.
Quill Pen A feather, the lower end of the quill of which has been cut into a nib. See also Quill, Feather.
Reversed. Often used to describe an inanimate charge oriented the opposite of its default orientation along a horizontal axis; e.g., a sword fesswise reversed is a sword fesswise point to sinister; an arrow fesswise reversed is an arrow fesswise, point to dexter.(Non-SCA blazon uses reversed to describe what SCA blazon terms inverted; i.e., a charge turned upside down along the vertical axis of the shield.) See also Contourny.
Semy. Semy is not a field treatment, but is a group of charges strewn across the entire field or portion of a divided field. It is not a noun: the correct usage is semy of [charges], not a semy of [charges].
Torteau/Torteaux. Torteau is the singular, torteaux is the plural, for a roundel or roundels gules.
Upon. An ambiguous term which should be avoided in blazon. See also On, Atop.
Wreath. A wreath is a circular charge, with its chiefmost ends nearly touching. Two sprigs (straight branches) crossed to form a "V" is not a wreath. See the illustration below for a depiction of a laurel wreath.