THE FOLLOWING ITEMS HAVE BEEN REGISTERED:

ÆTHELMEARC

Anastasie de Lamoure. Badge. (Fieldless) A thimble azure surmounted by a needle fesswise argent.

Ardan Scot. Device. Per pale azure and Or, a horse rampant contourny counterchanged, a chief ermine.

Arnþorr inn sterki. Name.

Berewyn Connell of Blakwode. Device. Per chevron sable and purpure, a chevron indented Or and in chief two wolves combatant argent.

Deirdre Scot. Device. Per chevron sable and Or, a chevron between two horse's heads couped contourny argent and a thistle proper.

Edward Harbinger. Badge. (Fieldless) Two arrows in saltire argent surmounted by a wolf's head couped sable.

Eoghan of Sterlynge Vayle. Holding name and device (see PENDS for name). Per saltire sable and vert, in pale a raven volant to sinister chief and a cup fesswise argent.

Submitted under the name Eoghan Røriksson.

Giovanna Elisabetta Cellini. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Sibilla Griffyn. Alternate name Ogawa Inume.

AN TIR

Alexandria Sophie Kessler. Name.

This name combines English and German in the same name; this is one step from period practice.

Aline de Seez. Name and device. Per chevron azure and Or, a decrescent and an increscent argent and a tree blasted and eradicated sable.

An Tir, Kingdom of. Order name Honor of the Lion's Sword.

Every aspect of this order name is grandfathered to the submitters. Honor is not generally acceptable as an order name designator; its use is grandfathered based on the previous registrations to the kingdom of Belated Rose, Honor of the; Lion's Heart, Honor of the; Lion's Rapier, Honor of the; and Lions Arrow, Honour of the. While the pattern of animal + weapon is not a documented pattern of period order names, these last two registrations show a pattern of order names of the form lion's + weapon, so this construction is grandfathered to the kingdom. Finally, precedent indicates that the use of the apostrophe to indicate the possessive is also not generally registerable:

Submitted as Order of the Lion's Paw of Kenmare, we have removed the apostrophe; there is no evidence that the apostrophe was used in period. [Northkeep, Barony of, 05/04, A-Ansteorra]

Its use here is also grandfathered to the kingdom based on the second and third registrations cited above.

Elfreda atte Kingeswode. Name.

Gregor von Drachenstein. Name change from Diego Ramirez de Salamanca.

His previous name, Diego Ramirez de Salamanca, is released.

Inga in hraustliga. Name reconsideration from Inga hraustlig.

We note that both the previously registered form and the new form are correct. Old Norse adjectives come in two grammatical forms, strong and weak. The strong masculine adjective hraustligr becomes hraustlig when feminized; the weak masculine form of the adjective, which uses the definitive article when used in a descriptive byname, is hraustligi, which becomes hraustliga when feminized.

Her previous name, Inga hraustlig, is released.

John Warrick Draker. Name and device. Argent, a horse's head couped contourny sable within a bordure dovetailed gules.

The submitter requested an authentic name but did not specify a language, culture, or time period. The name is possible for late 16th-century England, but even then the use of two inherited bynames was never common.

Kara of Saint David. Name and device. Sable, a horse's head couped argent and on a chief Or three pheons inverted gules.

Submitted as Kara of Saint Davids, the byname was documented as a locative byname based on a Welsh city. However, no evidence was provided that the city was known as Saint Davids in our period; the only dated citation provided was for the name Mynyw in 1603. Watts, Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names, shows a number of medieval place names of the form Saint + given name; in non-Latin contexts, the given name is in the nominative, not the genitive case. This supports Saint David as a constructed place name. We have changed the name to Kara of Saint David_ in order to register it.

Kara is the submitter's legal given name. It is not intrusively modern, as Geirr Bassi, The Old Norse Name, lists an Old Norse feminine name Kára.

Katryne MacKim. Name.

Submitted as Kathryn_ MacKim, the submitter requested an authentic 16th C Scots name. No documentation was provided and none found for Kathryn as a Scots form. Sharon Krossa, "Early 16th Century Scottish Lowland Names", has one instance of the similar spelling Katryne. We have changed the name to Katryne MacKim to meet her request for authenticity. It is authentic for a woman to use a Mac- style byname in Scots, as previous precedent indicates:

"Bynames in Scots were sometimes literal and sometimes inherited. In the case of inherited surnames, women sometimes had Mac- style surnames. For example, Black (p. 471 s.n. MacClumpha) dates Joneta Makgillumquha to 1406." [Esa mac Duf, 10/2002, A-East]

Maderun verch Trahaern. Device. Or, a fess dancetty vert, overall an urchin rampant gules.

Please advise the submitter to draw the urchin larger so that more of it is on the field. This will improve the contrast, which will make it more easily identifiable.

Myvanwy Loyt. Device change. Per bend sinister argent and vert, a triquetra azure and a tree eradicated argent.

Her previous device, Argent, a triquetra azure and a mountain of three peaks vert, is released.

Ninian Mackraken. Name and device. Argent, a kraken gules within a bordure wavy azure.

Rúadhán Ó Fearáin. Name and device. Vert, within a stag's massacre a crescent argent.

Steven Desjardins. Name and device. Per fess sable and argent, a keystone and a ferret rampant counterchanged.

This form of a keystone appears to be a modern stylization originating with the State of Pennsylvania. Unless documented to period, the use of this form of the charge in SCA heraldry will be considered a step from period practice.

Taisiia Brutova doch'. Name and device. Argent, a frog gules spotted within a bordure sable.

ANSTEORRA

Aude Ella. Name.

Submitted as Aude Ella de Lyon, the submitter requested authenticity for the 12th century. As submitted, the name consisted of a given name, a matronymic byname, and a locative byname. The second byname, de Lyon, was dated to the 15th C; additionally, no examples of double bynames in the 12th C were provided. To meet her request for authenticity we have dropped the second byname and registered the name as Aude Ella_.

Isabel Hawksworth. Device. Per chevron vert and argent, two needles and a bottlenosed dolphin naiant counterchanged.

Please advise the submitter to draw the needles larger.

Ullrich Verloren. Device. Per fess sable and gules, a rhinoceros statant Or and two arrows inverted in saltire argent.

ARTEMISIA

Abigail Karslake. Name.

Conchobhar mac Michil. Badge. Per pale Or and sable, on a pile argent a rose sable barbed and seeded gules.

Elizabeth Urswick. Name.

Nice 16th C English name!

Enneleyn Lilje. Name.

Esteban de Murcia. Name.

Submitted as Estoban de Murcia, no documentation was provided and none found by the commenters that Estoban is a plausible variant spelling of the documented Esteban. We have changed the name to Esteban de Murcia to match the documentation in order to register it.

Gaius Scorpianus Romanus. Name.

Grainne Dhonn. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Karl von Metele. Name.

Submitted as Karl von Metelen, no documentation was provided and none found by the commenters for Metelen as a period name of the city. However Bahlow, Dictionary of German Names, s.n. Metelmann has de Metele dated to 1334; this byname derives from the place name Metel. We have changed the name to Karl von Metele_ in order to register it.

The submitter requested an authentic 16th C name. We were unable to find any 16th C examples of either Metelen or Metel, and so cannot confirm that this name is authentic for that period.

Kilian Calwaye. Name.

Submitted as Kilian Calway_, the documentation provided for both elements was inadequate. Kilian was documented as an Anglicization of Cillene, from Ó Corráin and Maguire, Irish Names. However, no dates were provided for this anglicized form, and when Ó Corráin and Maguire are discussing anglicizations and do not give dates, they are usually discussing modern usage. However, precedent notes that:

[T]his saint is also venerated in Germany, where the spelling Kilian is found. Kilian is found in various sources, including Talan Gwynek, "Late Period German Masculine Names" (http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/talan/germmasc /) where he shows this spelling in the 16th C in Plauen. We have changed the name to Kilian the Black in order to register it... [Kilian the Black, 09/2006 LoAR, A-Meridies]

So Kilian is registerable as a German name.

The byname was documented only from MacLysaght, The Surnames of Ireland. On the July 2007 cover letter, Pelican ruled that MacLysaght "is no longer acceptable as sole documentation for Irish names." The commenters were unable to provide alternative documentation for the form Calway. We have changed the name to Kilian Calwaye in order to register it; this surname is found in the list of surnames born by foreigners in Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "Index of Names in the 1582 Subsidy Roll of London". This name combines English and German; this is one step from period practice.

Marten Claessen van Ruyssevelt. Name.

Submitted as Marten Claessen van den Ruyssevelt, the submitter desired an authentic 16th C Dutch name. The documentation for the byname, Academy of S. Gabriel Report #3241, showed that Ruyssevelt is the name of a city, not a generic toponymic reference. As such, the correct byname based on Ruyssevelt is van Ruyssevelt, not van den Ruyssevelt. To meet his request for authenticity and to match the documentation we have dropped den to register the name as Marten Claessen van_Ruyssevelt.

Onóra inghean uí Aodha. Name.

Submitted as Onóra iníon uí Áeda, the byname violated RfS III.1.a. Linguistic Consistency by combining Modern Irish iníon uí with Middle Irish Áeda. The submitter indicated that if the name had to be changed, she cared most about 16th C Irish language/culture. For this period, the appropriate language is Early Modern Irish. We have changed the name to Onóra inghean uí Aodha, making the byname wholly Early Modern Irish, in order to register it.

Penelope Highfield. Name.

Susanna Robertson. Name.

Teresa de Cadiz. Name.

Titus Didius Maximus. Name.

Viðarr Brekebowe. Name.

Submitted as Vidar_ Bowbreaker, a timely correction was issued correcting the name to Viðarr Brekebowe. This combines Old Norse and Middle English in the same name; this is one step from period practice.

Windegate, Shire of. Device. Per fess azure and Or, a zephyr contourny argent and three laurel wreaths in fess sable.

ATENVELDT

Abigail Fairechild of Maidstone. Name and device. Per fess potenty azure and argent vêtu counterchanged, an hourglass argent and a key palewise wards to base sable.

Áedán Mór Mac Donough. Device change. Gules, in pall inverted four triquetras, the center one inverted Or, on a bordure per pale sable and Or a double tressure counterchanged.

His previous device, Or, a bend sinister between two ermine spots sable and overall a griffin's head erased gules, is retained as a badge.

Ailill Lockhart. Device. Per pale gules and vert, a falcon argent and an orle Or.

Áine filia Michaelis. Name and device. Quarterly gules and sable, a thistle bendwise sinister argent.

The use of a Gaelic given name and a Latinized patronymic byname is not a step from period practice. Examples of this construction can be found in the Irish Annals, including the following: Dunflaith filia Flaithbertaigh m. Loingsich U799.11; Tuathlaithi filie Cathail, regine Laginorum [Note: name is in genitive case due to sentence structure] T754.2; Muirenn filia Cellaigh Cualann, regina Irgalaigh U748.6; Be Fáil filia Cathail, regina Donnchada U801.6; Condal filia Murcodha, abatissa tighe sruithe Cille Daro U797.4; Euginis filia Donnchada, regina regis Temorie U802.7. Other examples can be found in Mari Elspeth nic Brian, "Index of Names in Irish Annals".

Ameria of Atenveldt. Name and device. Azure, a unicorn couchant between three butterflies argent.

Nice armory.

Angelika von Schwaben. Device. Azure, a harpy displayed and on a chief embattled argent three nesselblätter vert.

Annya Sergeeva. Name.

The documentation for this name was inadequately summarized; no dates were provided for either element. Had the commenters not supplied the missing information, we would have been forced to return this name.

Aretaeus Spartiatês. Name and device. Per fess sable and gules, in pale a griffin segreant maintaining two swords and a tree eradicated argent.

Submitted as Aretaeus of Sparta, the submitter asked that the byname be put into Greek. The Greek byname meaning "of Sparta" is Spartiatês, so we have changed the name to Aretaeus Spartiatês. We note that Aretaeus is a Latinized form of the given name. If the submitter wants a wholly Greek name, we recommend Aretaios Spartiatês or Areteas Spartiatês.

Bran of Twin Moons. Holding name and device (see RETURNS for name). Or, in pale a double-horned anvil and a sheaf of arrows sable, a chief embattled vert.

Please advise the submitter to draw the arrows larger.

Submitted under the name Bran Padraig of Antrim.

Brandr hani. Name.

This was pended on the November 2007 LoAR.

Brian the Pious. Badge. Per pale wavy Or and sable all annulety counterchanged.

Brian the Pious and Zhigmun' Broghammer. Joint badge. Vert, a cross crosslet saltirewise argent.

Nice badge.

Cecilie Blessard. Name.

This name combines English and Dutch; this is one step from period practice.

Ceridwen ferch Gruffudd. Device. Per chevron gules and azure, on a chevron rayonny on the upper edge Or three crescents azure.

Charles the Bear. Badge (see RETURNS for household name). Or, a chain fesswise throughout and fracted sable.

Christiane Dax. Device. Argent, a pall gules surmounted by a skull sable.

Constancia le Gode. Name.

Davin ap Einion. Name.

Submitted as Davin ap Gwaednerth ap Einion, the documentation supplied for Gwaednerth was Gruffudd, Enwau i'r Cymry/Welsh Personal Names, who notes a Welsh prince by this name from 600. However, Gruffudd uses standard modern forms for his entries. Lacking evidence either that Gwaednerth is an appropriate 7th century form of the name or that the name remained in use until the end of our period, when the modern form is plausible, it is not registerable. As the submitter allows all changes, we have dropped the problematic element to register the name as Davin_ap Einion.

Davin is the submitter's legal middle name. As it is a given name by type, it is registerable as a given name.

Deletha of Anandyrdale. Device change. Per saltire Or and vert, in pale two arrows fesswise sable and in fess two cats sejant guardant argent.

Her previous device, Argent, on a bend wavy vert between two gouttes azure a cat sejant gardant palewise argent its front paws resting upon an arrow Or, is released.

Étaín ingen Áedáin. Device. Purpure, on a pall between a griffin segreant and two triskeles argent, a pall of chain sable.

Ewout Gheretssoen. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Nice early 15th century Dutch name!

Felipe Cuervo. Name and device. Per bend sinister gules and sable, a bee statant proper and a glaive bendwise sinister argent.

Finn Hans. Name and device. Argent, a penguin statant affronty head to sinister proper, a bordure per saltire sable and vert.

As documented, this name was two steps from period practice: one for combining Old Norse and German in the same name, and another for a temporal disparity of greater than 300 years between the two elements (pre c.1100 for the given name and 1495 for the byname). However, the Diplomatarium Norvegicum, vol. 7, no. 336, has the name Finn a Bylini in 1403. This removes the temporal disparity and allows the name to be registered. This name combines Norwegian and German; this is one step from period practice.

The use of a penguin is a step from period practice.

Gwyneth Hawke. Name and device. Lozengy Or and gules, a hind statant argent and on a base gules an escallop inverted argent.

Gwyneth Hawke. Badge. (Fieldless) An escallop inverted per pale gules and Or.

Nice badge.

Irena Rshtuni. Name change from holding name Irena of Tir Ysgithr.

Irena is the submitter's legal given name.

James of Windale. Holding name and device (see RETURNS for name). Azure, a demi-bear couped and on a chief triangular argent a double-horned anvil sable.

Submitted under the name Seamus mac Raibert.

James the Black. Name and device. Sable, a sword argent between a pair of gauntlets Or.

Good name!

Jaqueline la Boursiere. Name.

Jason Thorne of Antioch. Badge. (Fieldless) A scorpion inverted argent.

Jason Thorne of Antioch. Badge. (Fieldless) A wolf's head erased contourny per fess gules and Or.

John Read. Device. Per bend sinister vert and argent, a bend sinister gules between a sheaf of arrows argent tied gules and a wooden weaver's shuttle palewise proper, threaded gules.

Josefa du Lac. Name and device. Purpure, a wyvern displayed between flaunches argent, each charged with an arrow inverted purpure.

Submitted as Josephine du Lac, the given name was documented from Withycombe, Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names, s.n. Josephine and as the submitter's legal given name. However, Withycombe gives no pre-1600 examples of Josephine, and no proof of the legal name was provided. Past precedent indicates that Josephine is not a period name:

Josephine Ysabelle de Laval. Name. According to Withycombe "The Empress Josephine, who is responsible for the modern vogue of the name, was actually named Marie Josèphe Rose, Josephine being a pet-name." Barring documentation that Josephine is a period given name, it cannot not used. [LoAR 04/1998]

We have found one example of a period feminine form of Joseph. Julio de Atienza, Nobiliario Español, on p. 780 notes that María Josefa Pimentel was made Duchess of Toledo in the late 16th century. We have changed the name to Josefa du Lac in order to register it. This name combines Spanish and French; this is one step from period practice.

Katerina Kristoff. Name and device. Sable, a griffin between three crosses formy argent.

Nice device. Please advise the submitter to draw the charges larger.

Kateryn uxor Michaelis. Name and device. Or, on a hand vert between in chief two lions combatant azure a Celtic cross Or.

Konrad Rickert. Name and device. Per bend sable and gules, three crescents and three wolf's teeth issuant from dexter argent.

The depictions we have found of wolf's teeth in period heraldry invariably have the teeth conjoined at the base. We encourage this depiction of wolf's teeth, but will accept emblazons where the teeth are not quite conjoined as in this submission. The wolf's teeth must still reach, or nearly reach, the per pale line.

Konrad von Elz. Name and device. Argent, a griffin contourny within an orle of six crosses potent sable.

Submitted as Konrad von Eltz, the documentation was for the spelling Elz. We have changed the name to Konrad von Elz to match the documentation.

Nice armory.

Leo Valentini. Name.

Madeleine de Lorraine. Name.

Submitted as Madelon_ de Lorraine, the submitter requested authenticity for France. Madelon was documented as the submitter's legal given name. The standard medieval French form of the given name is Madeleine. Both Madeleine and de Lorraine appear in Cateline de la Mor, "Sixteenth Century Norman Names". We have changed the name to Madeleine de Lorraine to meet her request for authenticity.

Magdalena de Villanueva. Name.

Listed on the LoI as Magdelena de Villanueva, both the forms and the documentation showed the given name as Magdalena; we have made this correction.

Marie de Valence. Name.

Martin de Gras. Name.

Matsumoto Nagetane. Name.

The documentation was inadequately summarized on the LoI; no indication was given what type of element Matsumoto was, and no dates were provided for either element. Had the commenters not supplied the missing information, we would have been forced to return it.

This name follows the pattern family name + nanori. While this pattern is atypical in Japanese, it is registerable:

There was some question whether this name followed construction patterns found in Japanese names. We believe it does reflect a documentary form, the form [surname] + [nanori] (a nanori is a formal name reserved to the aristography [sic], according to Solveig Throndardottir, Name Construction in Medieval Japan). This is the form of the name that would appear on official documents. However, the form [surname] + [yobina] + [nanori] is considerably more likely, especially for the 16th C (the yobina is a less formal "use" name). If the submitter is interested in a 16th C name, we suggest something like Yamahara Tarou Yorimasa; according to the author of the work cited above, Tarou is the most stereotypical of masculine yobina. [LoAR 03/2006, Yamahara Yorimasa, Æthelmearc-A]

Micahel Corey. Name (see PENDS for device).

Morgan MacDuff. Name (see RETURNS for badge).

The name was documented as combining a Welsh given name with a Scots byname; such combinations are a step from period practice. However, the name can be documented as wholly Scots; Margaret MacDuibhshithe notes that Black, The Surnames of Scotland, s.n. Forest dates Morgan de Forest to Aberdeen in 1402.

Rachel of Atenveldt. Holding name and device (see RETURNS for name). Argent, a hedgehog rampant contourny sable, on a chief vert two caltraps argent.

Submitted under the name Rachel Ter Khorenatsi.

Robert Heinrich. Name.

Rosaline Fagane the Mad. Name.

Submitted as Rosaline Fagen_ the Mad, no documentation was provided for the byname Fagen, and none found by the commenters. We have changed the name to Rosaline Fagane the Mad in order to register it; Fagane is an anglicized Irish byname dated to temp. Elizabeth I - James I in Woulfe, Sloinnte Gaedheal is Gall: Irish Names and Surnames, s.n. Fágán.

Rose the Jeweler. Name and device. Ermine, three trees eradicated within a bordure vert.

The submitter requested authenticity for early period Ireland. As no part of this name is early period or Irish, we cannot make this name authentic without wholly changing it.

Sabrina of Granite Mountain. Holding name and device (see RETURNS for name). Or, on a bend sinister between a winged cat sejant and a sexfoil pierced purpure, three pawprints argent.

The use of pawprints is a step from period practice.

Submitted under the name Ni'ma al-'Aliyya.

Samuel Milde. Name and device. Azure, an owl perched upon and sustaining a ball-peen hammer fesswise Or.

Submitted as Samuel Mildt, the LoI lacked a summary of the documentation for the byname, which was cited as "Bahlow, p. 367". Inspection of the relevant entry showed Mildt as an undated subheader spelling, under the header Milde. Undated header spellings in Bahlow are only registerable if it is demonstrated that the form is consistent with period spellings. No such evidence was provided, so we have changed the byname to Milde, which is dated to 1306 in Brechenmacher, Etymologisches Woerterbuch der deutschen Familiennamen, s.n. Mild(e).

Serafina de la Mar. Name and device. Argent, a tree blasted and eradicated and on a chief azure three mullets of six points Or.

Submitted as Serafina de la Mar del Norte, no documentation was provided for the byname and none was found by the commenters. The simple byname de la Mar appears in Juliana de Luna, "Spanish Names from the Late 15th Century". We have dropped the final phrase in order to register the name. This name combines Italian and Spanish; this is one step from period practice.

Please advise the submitter to draw the tree more tree-like and less stick-like.

Shasta of Windale. Name change from holding name Joan of Ered Sul.

Siani Euraid. Device. Quarterly per fess rayonny gules and Or, two serpents nowed Or and two fleurs-de-lys sable.

Sibylla Timida de Cantabria. Device change. Or, a griffin contourny and on a chief sable, a cat couchant guardant Or.

Her previous device, Or, a griffin segreant to sinister and on a chief sable two coneys couchant respectant Or, is retained as a badge.

Steinn h{o,}ldr. Name and device. Purpure, in pale two picks in saltire and a heart voided, a bordure embattled argent.

Submitted as Sten h{o,}ldr, this name had two steps from period practice, one for combining Old Norse and Swedish and another for a temporal disparity of greater than 300 years between the 16th C date for the given name and the pre c. 12th C date for the byname. As the submitter allows all changes, we have substituted the Old Norse form of the given name, Steinn, which appears 14 times in the Landnámabók.

Thomas de Revele. Name.

Submitted as Thomas d'Revel_, the byname was incorrectly formed because in French de only elides before vowels. Additionally, no copies of the documentation for Revel as a period French place name were provided. We have changed the name to Thomas de Revele, using a form of the byname which occurs in Géraud's edition of the 1292 census of Paris, in order to register the name.

Thome Spyle Syngere. Name (see RETURNS for device).

The LoI did not provide any documentation for the byname Syngere, only for le Syngere. However, the submitted spelling, without the definite article, is reasonable given the form Synger, which is dated to 1583 in Bardsley, A Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames, s.n. Singer.

Þóra in kristna. Name.

Submitted as Þóra inn kristni, inn kristni is the masculine form of the byname. We have changed the name to Þóra in_ kristna, using the feminine form of the byname, as Old Norse descriptive bynames which are based on adjectives must agree in gender with the given name.

Ulrich the Strong. Name and device. Or, a griffin segreant gules maintaining a triskele, an orle sable.

This name combines English and German; this is one step from period practice.

Wilhelm Singer. Holding name and device (see RETURNS for name). Per saltire azure and argent, in fess two bears combatant sable.

While it has been the practice of recent Pelican Sovereigns to almost exclusively the form <given name> + <branch name> when forming a holding name, this is not the only choice. Precedent from the tenure of Bruce points out that:

when forming a holding name, we either use elements from the submitted name (which we can therefore assume are acceptable to the client) or else the mundane name and SCA branch, following a procedure carefully defined beforehand. (Jay MacPhunn, July, 1993, pg. 17)

We have chosen the former option in this case.

Submitted under the name Bjorn Wilhelm Singer.

ATLANTIA

Deborah aurifex. Name.

Submitted as Deborah Aurifex, a Latin occupational term like aurifex 'goldsmith' would not have been capitalized, and indeed the documentation listed the corresponding masculine term uncapitalized. We have changed the name to Deborah aurifex to reflect this fact.

Dunecan de Brus. Name and device. Per bend Or and azure, two lions couchant counterchanged.

Nice name!

Elena Modarova vnuka. Name and badge. (Fieldless) On an apple slipped and leaved argent, a cinquefoil sable.

Jean Claude de Lyon. Device. Gyronny gules and Or, a ram courant argent between in pale two fleurs-de lys counterchanged.

Mahaut de la Mare. Name and device. Ermine, a coney courant gules and on a chief sable three crescents argent.

Maria della Croce. Name.

Marinus, Barony of. Reblazon of device. Argent chaussé per pale vert and azure, a trident sable environed at the points by a laurel wreath vert.

Registered in December 1980 with the blazon Per pale vert and azure, on a pile enarched throughout argent a trident sable, the points environed of a laurel wreath vert, this would be returned for a redraw if submitted today. The lines of division do not meet at the bottom in a point, thus it is neither a pile nor chaussé. Since the lines of division issue from the upper corners of the shield, it is closer to being chaussé than it is to being a pile and we have reblazoned it as such in the interests of being as accurate as possible.

Marinus, Barony of. Reblazon of badge. Argent chaussé per pale vert and azure, a trident sable.

Registered in December 1980 with the blazon Per pale vert and azure, on a pile enarched throughout argent a trident sable, this would be returned for a redraw if submitted today. The lines of division do not meet at the bottom in a point, thus it is neither a pile nor chaussé. Since the line here matches the line of division on their device, where the lines of division issue from the upper corners of the shield, it is closer to being chaussé than it is to being a pile and we have reblazoned it as such in the interests of being as accurate as possible.

Merwenna Maycock. Name.

Nice name!

Milicent Shiveley. Device. Azure, a lion sejant maintaining a lily Or slipped and leaved vert between three crescents argent.

Rita de Tacoronte. Device. Per pale argent and vert, in pale two lions couchant sable.

Salvatore Agnoli. Name.

Sian verch Gwilim ap Lewelin and Rhiannon verch David ap Madyn. Joint badge. (Fieldless) A tree blasted bendy argent and azure.

Examination of the forms at the meeting revealed that this was intended to be a joint badge with Rhiannon, though this was not mentioned on the LoI. We remind kingdoms that all owners of a joint badge should be listed in the "filing name" field on the LoI so that the CoA can comment on possible pretense, presumption, and other issues. Failure to list all the owners of a joint badge on the LoI may be grounds for pending or return.

Tegrinus de Rhina. Device. Quarterly argent and gules, in fess two pairs of swords inverted in saltire sable.

Thyre of Andovere. Name change from Thyre of Andover and device change. Counter-ermine, a chevron Or ermined gules.

Her previous name, Thyre of Andover, is released.

The emblazon was not provided on the LoI. We remind kingdoms that it is their responsibility to fix these sorts of problems in a timely fashion: the first mention in a comment was the day after the LoI was posted. Had Ragged staff not fixed this issue, this submissions would have been either pended or returned. As it happens, enough of the commenters had conflict checked using the provided blazon, which was correct, that we are able to register this device.

Her previous device, Per chevron purpure and vert, two escallops inverted and an oak leaf argent, is released.

Timmeke Haakonson of Nordheim. Release of badge. Per fess gules and sable, a double-bitted axe argent.

Wistric Oftun. Device. Per pale azure and Or, six wake knots two, two, and two counterchanged.

Nice armory!

CAID

Ailill mac Duib Dara. Device change. Argent, in pale three acorns in fess proper and three crossbow bolts in pile vert all within a bordure dovetailed azure.

His previous device, Per chevron wavy argent and vert, two trees proper and two axes crossed in saltire Or hafted proper, is hereby released.

Aulric von Roting. Name.

Submitted as Aulric von Roding, no documentation was provided and none found by the commenters that the city's name was spelled Roding in our period. The most similar pre-1650 form that the commenters found is Roting, which appears on one of Mercator's maps of Bavaria. We have changed the name to Aulric von Roting in order to register it.

This name combines Occitan and German; this is one step from period practice. If the submitter would like a wholly German name, we recommend the given name Ulrich.

Avina Moncrieffe. Name.

Cormac Ó Duinn. Device. Per bend sinister sable and gules, a bend sinister enarched argent scaly sable.

Damian O'Hara. Device. Argent, on a cross moline gules an escallop argent.

Diana de Parkhurst. Name.

Edborough Kellie. Device. Argent, a cross between in chief two mullets of four points each gyronny Or and azure.

Elizabeth le Grace. Device. Per fess vert and sable, a demi-sun issuant from the line of division argent.

Ellyn of Tanwayour. Device. Vert, a chevron inverted cotised and in chief a dragonfly Or.

Eridana Ambra Dragotta. Badge. (Fieldless) Two compass stars conjoined in bend sinister Or each charged with a roundel gules.

Gerald Starremon. Name.

Helena von Roting. Name.

Submitted as Helena von Roding, no documentation was provided and none found by the commenters that the city's name was spelled Roding in our period. The most similar pre-1650 form that the commenters found is Roting, which appears on one of Mercator's maps of Bavaria. We have changed the name to Helena von Roting in order to register it.

Kate Dogberry. Device. Argent, a griffin passant and on a chief vert three mullets of six points argent.

Kathleen O'Dunchan. Name and device. Or, in bend a thistle slipped and leaved proper and a four-leaved clover slipped all within a bordure vert.

Submitted as Kathleen O'Duncan, all examples of the spelling Duncan that were found are Scots; as O-style bynames were only used in Ireland, and not Scotland, these Scots examples do not support the spelling Duncan in an anglicized Irish byname. Woulfe, Sloinnte Gaedheal is Gall: Irish Names and Surnames, s.n. Ó Donnacháin dates O Dunchan to temp. Elizabeth I-James I. There was also some question whether O-style bynames were used by women in anglicized Irish contexts. Tangwystyl verch Morgant Glasvryn, "Names and Naming Practices in the Red Book of Ormond (Ireland 14th Century)", has one example, Emin O Karwill vidua. Siren provides further examples from The Irish Fiants of the Tudor Sovereigns, including: Rose O Birne alias Rose nyne Yaghe O Toole 1597-8, Margaret O Brene 1577, Margaret Conor alias O'Conor 1560-1, Fenoile O'Done 1568-9, Oweny O'Kenally 1552, Egidia or Giles O'Colledan 1553, Mary O'Dyn alias Moore O'Dwyne 1547, Margarete O'Connor 1558. We have changed the name to Kathleen O'Dunchan to match the documentation.

Kathleen is the submitter's legal given name.

Kathryn Monelyght of Mythomstede. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Listed on the LoI as Katheryn Monelyght of Mythomstede, the name was originally submitted as Kathryn Monelyght of Mythomstede and changed because no documentation was found in kingdom for Kathryn. We have restored the name to the originally submitted form, as Kathryn can be found in Aryanhwy merch Catmael, Dictionary of Tudor London Names, dated to 1541.

Micaela de San Sebastián. Name.

Murchadh Monaidh Chraoibhe. Name change from Murchadh Garrioch.

Submitted as Murchadh Monagh Craebi, the submitter requested authenticity for 13th C Gaelic Scotland and desired an appropriate Gaelic form of the byname Moncrieff. Watson, The History of the Celtic Place-Names of Scotland, p. 400f says that "Moncrieff near Perth is considered to have been the scene of 'bellum Monid Chroibh,' 'the battle of Monad Croib,' 728 (AU)." The standardized form of Monad Croib appropriate for the 13th century is Monadh Craoibhe.

In Gaelic, locative bynames which are based on names of cities or towns are formed by putting the place name in the genitive case. The genitive case of Monadh Craoibhe is Monaidh Chraoibhe, pronounced roughly \MOH-nee KHREE-vuh\, where \KH\ is the sound of ch in Scottish loch. We have changed the name to Murchadh Monaidh Chraoibhe to meet his request for a Gaelic form of Moncrieff. However, we cannot make the name authentic for the 13th century as the only examples of locative bynames that we have in Scottish Gaelic are used by the Lord of the Isles and his predecessors, and by a petty king and some of his ancestors. These are not reliable examples of what normal people used as bynames. We do have examples of simple locative bynames in Irish Gaelic in the 13th century, so the byname is registerable.

His previous name, Murchadh Garrioch, is released.

Nesta Fugelstou. Name.

Oliver Dogberry. Device. Per chevron throughout sable and argent, two dogs combatant each maintaining a sword argent and a sprig of three blackberries sable barbed and slipped vert.

Pelagon Phthiôtes. Name.

Submitted as Pelagon Phthius, the submitter requested authenticity for Bronze Age Greece. The byname Phthius is a Latin adjective meaning "of Phthia". The correct Greek form of this adjective is Phthiôtes. We have changed the name to Pelagon Phthiôtes in order to make it wholly Greek and to partially meet his authenticity request. We cannot confirm that this name is authentic for Bronze Age Greece; very little is known about Greek from that period and we also doubt whether Bronze Age Greece had the required contact with medieval and Renaissance Europe for names from that culture to be registerable. We decline to rule on this question at this time. The name as registered is appropriate for Classical Greece.

Sabyna of Aydon. Device. Per pale argent and azure, three card piques bases to center counterchanged.

Ysoude de Rochester. Device. Quarterly sable and azure, four fleurs-de-lys in cross bases to center within a bordure engrailed argent.

CALONTIR

Alexandra Gunnarsdottir. Name and device. Argent, a cross parted and fretted sable and a chief gules.

This name combines English and Old Norse; this is one step from period practice.

Alice atte Faleise. Name and device. Pean, on a roundel per pale azure and argent a horse passant counterchanged.

Ambrogio di Dionisio Acciaiuoli. Name change from Ambrose sans Tonsure and badge. (Fieldless) A scourge bendwise lashes at rest Or.

His previous name, Ambrose sans Tonsure, is released.

Ambrogio di Dionisio Acciaiuoli. Alternate name Zhaba Zagriazhskoi.

Gyða glóra. Device. Per bend argent and vert, a square weaver's tablet palewise and another bendwise counterchanged.

Honnorée de Saussay. Name change from Onora O'Toole.

Her previous name, Onora O'Toole, is released.

Isabeau Beaux Yeux. Name.

Submitted as Isabeau Beauyeux, the plural form yeux requires the plural adjective, beaux. Additionally, examples of Beau + X bynames in French do not run the words together. We have changed the name to Isabeau Beaux Yeux to correct the grammar.

This was pended on the November 2007 LoAR.

Jordan Trost. Name and device. Or, an eagle rising sable between two flaunches azure each charged with an axe Or.

Submitted as Jordan Trôst, the byname was documented as a header form in Talan Gwynek "Some Early Middle High German Bynames with Emphasis on Names from the Bavarian Dialect Area". The use of the circumflex in this article is strictly editorial, to indicate the pronunciation of long vowels, in the same way that acute and grave accents are used for pronunciation purposes in de Felice. The article shows the 12th C form of the byname as Trost. We have dropped the accent from the byname in order to register it.

Mary of Lillington. Name and device. Argent, a bluebell plant azure slipped and leaved vert and on a chief invected azure three hearts argent.

Mirabel Wynne. Badge. Vert, a tree blasted and eradicated argent between in fess two mullets Or all within a bordure argent.

Syele Weimarin. Name and device. Per fess engrailed argent and azure all goutty counterchanged, a bordure vert.

Submitted as Syele von Wamiern, von Wamiern was proposed as a feminine byname meaning "from Weimar". However, no documentation for this proposal was provided on the LoI and none was found by the commenters. There are three primary ways to form locative bynames in German: using the place name unmodified (e.g. Weimar), using an adjective formed from the place name (e.g., Weimarer), and using von or van + the place name (e.g. von Weimar, van Luebeck). Of these three types of bynames, only the first two differ when used by women; women will almost always use the feminine (formed by adding -in or -yn, and sometimes with the addition of the definite article) or the possessive form (formed by adding -s or in rare cases -en). Thus, appropriate feminine bynames based on Weimar include Weimarin/Weimars, Weimarerin/Weimarers, and von Weimar. An example of the first can be found in Brechenmacher, Etymologisches Woerterbuch der deutschen Familiennamen, s.n. Weimer: Mechthilt die Waimerin, 1342.

As the submitter asked for a feminine byname indicating that she is the wife of Wolfgang von Weimar, we have changed the name to Syele_Weimarin. If she wishes an explicit reference to her husband, we recommend the form Syele Wolfgang Weimarin, following a pattern which is demonstrated in Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "Women's Surnames in 15th- and 16th-Century Germany". (We note that this form would only be registerable in conjunction with a letter of permission to presume from Wolfgang.)

Vilhjálmr hálftr{o,}ll. Device. Gyronny arrondy of six gules and Or, a bordure azure.

DRACHENWALD

Eliana Matssdotter. Device change. Azure, a martlet Or transfixed by an arrow bendwise sinister inverted argent.

By our rules, the arrow is sustained. Precedent, re-affirmed every tenure since it was created, says

[a bear rampant contourny sustaining a halberd] Regarding the "significance" of the halberd, as Green Crown noted, a charge consisting mostly of a long skinny handle will always have difficulty matching the visual weight of other charges, but here the sizes of the charges are about the same as would be expected if they were in fess a bear and a halberd. That seems to be a reasonable rule of thumb for determining sustained (and qualifying for a CD), as opposed to maintained (and not qualifying for a CD), charges. (LoAR September 1994 p. 9)

It was most recently reaffirmed in the return of Giles Green's hummingbird-and-sword device on the 12/2007 LoAR.

As such, this is not a conflict with Tavia of Persia, Azure, a simurgh close Or. There is a CD for the addition of the arrow and at least CD for the difference between a simurgh and a martlet.

It is clear of Lyrel-Phillipa of Eden's Hall, Azure, a martlet voided argent, with a CD for the addition of the arrow and a CD for the change of tincture of the bird.

It is clear of Reagan of the White Dawn, Azure, a songbird migrant bendwise, maintaining in its beak a fusa, Or. There is a CD for the posture of the bird and a CD for the addition of the co-primary arrow.

Her previous device, Argent, five birch leaves two two and one sable, is released.

Katarina Henriksdotter. Name and device. Per saltire Or and vert, two oak leaves Or.

Queniva fitz Reginald. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Listed on the LoI as Queniva ffitz Reginald, the name was originally submitted as Queniva fitz Reginald and changed in kingdom because no examples had been found of Fitz-X bynames spelled fitz but not capitalized. Rowel notes that Bardsley, A Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames, s.n. Fitzwilliam shows the form fitz William dated to 1379 (two examples). This supports the originally submitted form.

EAST

Eoin Dubh. Reblazon of device. Per chevron gules and argent, a bow fesswise argent and three thistles one and two vert, headed purpure.

Registered in June 2008 with the blazon Per chevron gules and argent, a mastiff statant defamed argent and three thistles one and two vert, headed purpure, which is the blazon for the device of Caitriona inghean Sheamuis. The two gave each other permission to conflict and Eoin's correct blazon was mistakenly replaced by Caitriona's.

The June 2008 LoAR should have noted that the submitter has permission to conflict with Caitriona inghean Sheamuis, Per chevron gules and argent, a mastiff statant defamed argent and three thistles one and two, vert headed purpure.

GLEANN ABHANN

Aureliana Avita. Badge. (Fieldless) A vol argent, overall a rose gules slipped and leaved proper.

Branwen Ballard. Device. Per pale Or and argent, a lion rampant maintaining a grenade sable flamed gules, a bordure quarterly sable and gules.

Brigit Olesdottir of Loch Ree. Badge. (Fieldless) On a seeblatt vert, a natural seahorse Or.

Fergus O'Kelly. Alternate name Vergosus maqqas Qeniloci.

The submitter requested authenticity for 5th C Ireland. This is an excellent Oghamic Irish name for that period.

Fergus O'Kelly. Device change. Or, a bicorporate lion, bodies addorsed and a bordure rayonny pean.

His previous device, Per pale Or and gules, a bicorporate lion, bodies addorsed and a bordure rayonny pean, is hereby released.

Karll von Zollern. Name and device. Per fess gules and sable, a double-headed eagle Or and in chief three bezants.

Mærwynn uxor Floriani. Name.

Mariel du Bois. Name change from Miriel MacGregor.

Submitted as Miriel du Bois, the submitter requested authenticity for 14th century French. Miriel is an English name of Celtic origin; no evidence was provided and none found that it was ever used in France. A similar sounding given name, Mariel, occurs once in the 1292 census of Paris; the census also includes numerous examples of the byname du Bois. We have changed the name to Mariel du Bois to meet her request for authenticity.

Her previous name, Miriel MacGregor, is released.

Phlorianos Kavallarios. Name and device. Purpure, a two-headed wolf sejant affronty heads guardant argent and a bordure argent golpy.

Submitted as Florian_ Kavallarios, this name combined an English given name with a Greek byname. Names combining these two languages were ruled unregisterable on the January 2003 LoAR (s.n. Diana Spartene). Loyall notes that

The City of Jerusalem (http://books.google.com/books?id=hyEIReXA6u8C) says on p. 191 that the Greek graffiti <Phlôrianos Astaros> is found carved on tombs near Jerusalem. That gives us at least one Greek borrowing of Roman <Florianus>, albeit far, far earlier than the byname.

We have changed the name to Phlorianos Kavallarios to make the name wholly Greek. The temporal disparity between the two elements is one step from period practice, but it is the only one.

Serena Ull. Name change from Catriona nighean Thaoig mhic Iurnain.

Submitted as Serena Uhl, the submitter requested an authentic late 15th C name. The documentation for Uhl placed it in the mid-13th century. The byname is a patronymic from a pet form of Ulrich. Late 15th C forms of the byname include Vl, Vll, Wll, in Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "German Names from 1495". Additionally, the forenames Ull, Ulle, and Ule appear in Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "German Names from Nürnberg, 1497", and would all be appropriate bynames. Of these, Ull is the closest to the originally submitted form; we have changed the name to Serena Ull to meet her request for authenticity. We would like to note that if indicating that she is the wife of Dietrich Lorenz Uhl is important to her, this would be done by using a feminine or possessive form of her husband's surname, e.g., Uhlin or Uhls, not by using his surname unmodified.

This name combines Italian and German; this is one step from period practice.

Her previous name, Catriona nighean Thaoig mhic Iurnain, is released.

LOCHAC

Basil Faulke. Device. Sable, three towers conjoined in pall and a bordure argent.

Castelburn, Canton of. Branch name and device. Per bend embattled Or and azure, a laurel wreath and a bagpipe reversed counterchanged.

Genevieve de Montfleur. Device. Per chevron argent and azure, two dragonflies bendwise gules and a fleur-de-lys argent.

Submitted as Per chevron argent and azure, a fleur-de-lys argent and in chief two dragonflies bendwise gules, charges on either side of a per chevron line of division are co-primary. Enough commenters noted this fact during conflict checking that we can register this device.

The submitter should be instructed to draw all the primary charges of equal size.

Madog Llwyd ap Madog. Name and device. Per bend azure and gules, a lion rampant atop a base enarched Or.

Commenters noted the overlap of the rear foot and the base and questioned whether this was 'barely overall', which would be grounds for return. Normally, we would rule in such a fashion; however, in the case of creatures standing atop bases, such an arrangement is extremely common in period armorials. Therefore, we are registering this device.

Saint Kessog, College of. Branch name and device. Azure, a bow fesswise drawn and nocked with an arrow all within a laurel wreath Or.

Nice name!

MERIDIES

Harold Barthe. Name change from holding name Harold of Arenal.

Muirenn ingen Ui Fhlainn. Name.

Submitted as Muirghein inghean Ui Flainn, the submitter requested authenticity for 12th century Gaelic and desired a feminine name. As past precedent indicates, Muirghein is a masculine name:

Muirghein MacKiernan. Name. The submitter requested authenticity for 16th C Irish, allowed minor changes, and noted that she wanted a female name. No examples have been found of the name Muirghein being used as a feminine given name for real women in period. As such, the submitted name is must be [sic] a masculine name. [LoAR 11/2001]

No new evidence was provided for Muirghein being used by women; as such it must be considered a masculine name and so cannot be registered with a feminine byname. The most similar feminine name that was found by the commenters is Muirenn, found in Mari Elspeth nic Brian, "Index of Names in the Irish Annals", between 643 and 979.

The byname is not authentic for the 12th century because it uses spellings appropriate for post c. 1200. Additionally, in a feminine clan byname the name of the eponymous ancestor must be lenited. For the period in which Muirenn was used and the period in which the submitter is interested, the correct form of the byname is ingen Ui Fhlainn. We have changed to the name to Muirenn ingen Ui Fhlainn to partially meet her request for authenticity and in order to register it.

Yveline bat Shimuel. Device. Per bend sinister argent and purpure, a pine tree vert and a lily-of-the-valley slipped and leaved argent and on a chief vert three bezants.

OUTLANDS

Ælfwynna de Silva. Name.

Submitted as Ælfwynne othe Wode, the submitter requested authenticity for the mid-11th C (no language/culture provided, but presumably Old English). The spelling Ælfwynne is a Latin genitive; we do not register given names in their inflected forms, so we have changed the given name to the nominative Ælfwynna.

The byname othe Wode uses Middle English forms. Generic toponymic bynames of this sort are rare in Old English, but Tengvik, Old English Bynames, gives a few examples which appeared in Domesday Book: de Herst 1066 (p. 55, from OE hyrst 'hillock, copse'), de Bosc DB (p. 73, from OFr bosc 'wood'), and de Silva DB (p. 73, from Latin silva 'wood, forest'). Of de Bosc, Tengvik notes that "It might alternatively be suggested that our local byname is no real pl.n., but only denotes residence near or by a wood (OFr bosc 'wood') in which case it should be compared with ME atte wode 'at the wood'...but this type of byname is rarely met with at this period" (p. 74). Of these three, de Silva is the most likely choice for the mid-11th century. We have registered the name as Ælfwynna de Silva to meet her request for authenticity.

If having the byname othe Wode is more important to the submitter than having an 11th C name, we recommend the name Helvynya othe Wode; Helvynya is a Middle English form of Ælfwynn dated to 1359 in Talan Gwynek, "Feminine Given Names in A Dictionary of English Surnames", which goes nicely with the 1374 date for the byname.

Séamus MacRae. Name.

This does not conflict with Jamie MacRae; though Jamie is a diminutive of James, and Séamus is a Gaelic form of James, Jamie is not a diminutive of Séamus. Considering Séamus and Jamie on the basis of their sound and spelling, both are significantly different, and so they do not conflict.

This combines Gaelic and Scots in the same name; this is one step from period practice.

WEST

Akbar Khayamm. Reblazon of device. Pean, on sun Or a wolf's head erased sable.

This was originally registered in July 1980 with the blazon Pean, on a ball of flames Or a wolf's head erased sable. The ball of flame is symmetric with flames radiating in all directions. This most closely resembles a sun, though one with all wavy rays rather than alternating straight and wavy.

Piers Howells de Cambria. Reblazon of device. Azure, an owl reguardant Or perched atop a rock issuant from base argent.

This was originally registered in September 1973 with the blazon Azure, an owl Or perched on a rock argent. That blazon omitted the fact that the owl is reguardant. We are keeping the term 'rock', here, as it is a valid heraldic term and a cant on the given name.

- Explicit littera accipiendorum -

THE FOLLOWING ITEMS HAVE BEEN RETURNED FOR FURTHER WORK:

ÆTHELMEARC

Giovanna Elisabetta Cellini. Device. Purpure, four bendlets enhanced and in bend two lions Or.

This device is returned for conflict with the device of Cynan Gould, Quarterly azure and argent, in bend two lions rampant Or. Bendlets enhanced may be validly depicted either (greatly) enhanced, as on this submission, or merely enhanced, such that the lower edge of the lowest bendlet lies along the per bend line. As such, a device featuring more than two bendlets enhanced is functionally equivalent to a per bend bendy field division. The submitted device is equivalent to Per bend bendy purpure and Or and purpure, in bend two lions Or. Under this view, there is only one CD for the changes to the field when compared to Cynan's device. There is not a CD for the change in position of Giovanna's lions as this is forced by the inability to place those lions across the line of division into the partially Or field.

The submitted device does not conflict with the device for Martel Slugslayer, Gyronny of six sable and gules, a bicorporate lion Or. There is a CD for changes to the field. There is not a CD between two charges conjoined and the same charges not conjoined. Nor is there a CD for placement of the charges since Martel's lions cannot be in bend, their placement is forced by the head they share. However, the lions in Martel's device face each other (one facing to dexter, one facing to sinister) while the lions in Giovanna's device both face to dexter. Therefore, there is a CD for changing the orientation of half the charges.

AN TIR

Arion the Wanderer. Badge. (Fieldless) A trident sable.

This device is returned for conflict with a badge for the Barony of Marinus, Argent chaussé per pale azure and vert, a trident sable, reblazoned elsewhere on this LoAR. There is but a single CD for the field.

Kaldor, Canton of. Branch name.

This was an appeal of the branch's previous submission, identical to this, which was returned on the July 2007 LoAR:

Aural conflict with Cawdor Castle, the location where "murder most foul" took place in Shakespeare's Macbeth. This place is worthy of protection.

The appeal argued that the "rejection of the proposed name seems arbitrary, based as it is on an aural association with a fictional castle in Macbeth that is mentioned only once in the play and has no popular pull or recognition" and further that the return was inconsistent with the recent registrations of Shire of Bosenberg, which is the name of an actual city and an actual mountain in Germany; Shire of Radburne, which is the name of a real city in New Jersey and aurally conflicts with Redburn, the name of a novel by Herman Melville; Canton of Readstan, which is an aural conflict with Redstan, a novel by Robert Hay; and Canton of Brokenbridge, which conflicts with the name of a book by Lynne Banks and a 2006 movie.

Unfortunately, this appeal is based on a number of misconceptions about the original return and about our standards for protection of non SCA-names.

First, Castle Cawdor cited in the original return is not a fictional place; it is a real world location, first mentioned in 1454, the seat of Clan Caldor and the current residence of the Dowager Countess Cawdor.

Second, not all non-SCA names are important enough to protect from conflict. The Administrative Handbook III.A outlines which names are protected by the College of Arms from conflict; the only ones which can apply to a branch name are III.A.5 Names of Significant Geographical Locations Outside the Society, III.A.6 Names of Significant Geographical Locations from Literary Sources, III.A.7 Trademarked Names, etc., III.A.8 Orders of Chivalry, Heraldic Titles, Organizations, etc., and III.A.9 Name Used by the Submitter Outside the Society. Note that none of these include names of novels or movies: SCA submissions do not conflict with movie or novel titles because such titles are generally not important enough to protect from conflict. Some titles of movies or novels are so well known that reference to them can result in a submission being obtrusively modern, but this issue is separate from the issue of conflict, and is not the case with the books and movie titles cited in the appeal.

Concerning the other registrations cited in the appeal, we noted that III.A.5 says:

A geographical location will be considered significant if it is associated with important administrative, social, political or military events (e.g., a capital city, the site of a major treaty or battle, etc.).

The consensus of the commenters at the time of registration was that the real-world Bosenberg and the various places named Redburn(e) or Radburn(e) were not considered important enough to protect from conflict. Therefore, there is no inconsistency between the registrations of those branch names and the July 2007 return of Kaldor, and we are upholding the previous return.

Additionally, no petition of support was provided for this appeal. The Administrative Handbook IV.C.5 Evidence of Support says that "[s]ubmissions involving the branch name or arms of an active branch must include evidence of support for the action on the part of a majority of the active members of the branch." Even if the appeal had been acceptable, we could not register this name without a petition of support.

We'd like to note that the addition of some distinguishing adjective to Kaldor would clear the conflict with Cawdor. Appropriate distinguishing adjectives include one of any of the groups New/Old, East/West, North/South, Great/Little, Upper/Middle/Lower/Nether. For examples of these constructions, see Watts, Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names, s.nn. Alresford, Asby, Aston, Barford, Barrington, Barsham, Barton, Beckham, Bedfont, Berkhamsted, Blakenham, Bradley, Brent, Bridgford, and elsewhere.

ANSTEORRA

Clarissima della Chiesa. Device. Azure, a talbot's head erased argent between three plates.

This was originally pended on the November 2007 LoAR in order to allow discussion on whether or not a CD should be granted between types of dogs' (and other canine) heads. As discussed in this month's Cover Letter, no such difference is granted. Therefore, this device is returned for conflict with the device for Jessyca of Rivenvale, Azure, a wolf's head erased between three maple leaves argent. There is a CD for changing the type of secondary charges but nothing for changing the type of head.

Úna Carleton. Device. Vert, a swan naiant affronty guardant wings displayed, and in base three dogwood flowers argent.

This device is returned for lack of identifiability of the primary charge. If the swan were not guardant, the identifiability would be somewhat improved; however, it may not be possible to draw a swan in this posture in such a manner that it is both recognizable and reproducible. We note that this posture (naiant affronty wings displayed) is at least a step from period practice.

ARTEMISIA

Aine MacCullen. Device. Per chevron sable and argent, a winged greyhound passant argent and a holly sprig vert fructed gules.

This device is returned for administrative reasons: the name Aine MacCullen is neither registered nor in submission. Without a name, the armory cannot be registered. If the device had not been returned for administrative reasons, it would have been returned for a redraw. The argent portion of the field is too small for a per chevron field division (it doesn't cross the per fess line) and too large for a point pointed.

Aine MacCullen. Badge. Vert, a greyhound's head erased, a bordure argent.

This badge is returned for administrative reasons: the name Aine MacCullen is neither registered nor in submission. Without a name, the armory cannot be registered. If the badge had not been returned for administrative reasons, it would have been returned for conflict with the device of Conrad of Northfield, Sable, a wolf's head erased within a bordure argent. There is a CD for changing the tincture of the field. As noted in this month's Cover Letter, there is not a CD between a dog's head and a wolf's head.

Ellisif sleggja. Device. Per saltire argent and azure, in pale two hummingbirds hovering sable, in fess two compass stars Or.

This device is returned for being two steps from period practice. The first is for the use of a compass star (which is an SCA-compatible charge). The second is for using a New World bird that is not found in period heraldry. The Rules for Submission (RfS) section VII.4, as published on the June 2007 Cover Letter, state:

The use of flora and fauna native to the New World, Africa, Asia, and other non-European locales will be registerable if it is reasonable to believe that Europeans knew them in period. Their use will be considered a step from period practice, unless they were used as charges in period heraldry, including crests and badges, in which case their use is not a weirdness.

In December 2007 (v. Isabel Ximena Galiano de Valera) it was noted, "Commenters provided sufficient evidence that, while native to the Americas, the hummingbird was known to Europeans in period. Thus, a hummingbird may be registered but its use is considered a step from period practice."

We note that the central disc on the Or charges is more appropriate to a sun than a compass star; however, as suns do not have alternating greater and lesser rays, the charges are not suns. This style of drawing compass stars may have been sufficient grounds for return in and of itself. Please advise the submitter to correctly draw the charges as either suns or compass stars on resubmission.

Gabriel Wayfarer. Device. Per saltire sable and vert, an annulet surmounted by a compass star argent.

This device is returned for conflict with the device of Alexandre sur la Mer, Azure, a compass rose argent. There is a CD for the field but nothing for removing the fleur-de-lys at the point of the compass rose.

Grainne Dhonn. Device. Vert, a pale argent, overall a fret counterchanged.

Precedent states that "The only time we permit a charge to be counterchanged over another is when they are both ordinaries." [December 1998, Crystal Crags, Shire of]. As the fret is not an ordinary, this submission must be returned.

Additionally, the submitted device conflicts with the flag of Nigeria, Vert, a pale argent. There is a CD for adding the overall charge, but that is the only difference.

ATENVELDT

Bjorn Wilhelm Singer. Name.

This is returned for administrative reasons because no summary of the documentation for Bjorn was provided on the LoI, and no photocopies were provided to Laurel. The given name Bjorn was documented from Siebicke, Historisches Deutsches Vornamenbuch; this source is not listed on Appendix H, so copies of the relevant pages are required. Because this is an administrative return, we are explicitly not addressing the registerability or authenticity of the name at this time.

His device was registered under the holding name Wilhelm Singer.

Bran Padraig of Antrim. Name.

This name has a number of problems. First, neither double given names nor unmarked patronyms are attested in Irish Gaelic during our period. Barring evidence of their use, they are not registerable.

Second, the documentation for the byname of Antrim was not properly summarized. This issue alone is grounds for return. Additionally, no photocopies of the documentation were provided, though the source cited is not an Appendix H source. This issue by itself is also grounds for return.

We would correct both problems by dropping the locative byname and turning the second given name into a marked patronym, e.g., Bran mac Padraig_, but the submitter does not allow major changes.

His device was registered under the holding name Bran of Twin Moons.

Charles the Bear. Household name Hafnar leysini.

The household name is returned because it lacks a designator. RfS III.2.b says that "household names must consist of a designator that identifies the type of entity and at least one descriptive element". Neither leysini "freedman" nor hafn "haven/harbor"properly identifies the type of entity. (Additionally, the submitted leysini appears to be a typo for the documented leysingi.)

This is also returned for lack of documentation. No documentation was submitted and none found by the commenters that "Freedman Haven/Harbor" follows patterns of names for organized groups of people in Old Norse speaking cultures during our period. It is necessary to document a household naming pattern to a culture that uses the language in which the name is submitted. Please see the January 2007 cover letter for a further discussion of this issue.

Listed on the LoI as Harnar leysini, the forms gave the name as Hafnar leysini. Independent of the documentation and construction issues, Hafnar leysingi is incorrectly constructed for the desired meaning as Hafnar is in the genitive case. The Old Norse word for 'haven' is hafn in the nominative case.

Dubhghlais Brocc. Name.

The name has a number of problems. First, the given name Dubhghlais was documented from Woulfe, Sloinnte Gaedheal is Gall: Irish Names and Surnames, in the section on masculine given names. These names are all modern forms; while some of these forms may be consistent with period forms, citations from this section of the book are not, by themselves, sufficient documentation for registering an Irish masculine name. The commenters were unable to find any other documentation for Dubhghlais as a period Irish masculine name; lacking such evidence, it is not registerable.

Additionally, both elements were documented as given names. As noted earlier in this letter in the return of Bran Padraig of Antrim, neither double given names nor unmarked patronyms are attested in Irish Gaelic, and barring evidence for their usage they are not registerable.

The LoI noted that if the submitted name was not registerable, the submitter would accept the form Douglas Brock, even though he does not otherwise allow major changes. However, we cannot consider alternate name submissions unless full documentation is provided for them on the LoI, and no documentation was provided for this name.

Ewout Gheretssoen. Device. Quarterly barry wavy azure and argent, and gules, a comet bendwise sinister inverted argent.

This device is returned for conflict with the device of Chavah bat Mordechai, Per fess purpure and vert, a shooting star bendwise sinister argent. There is a CD for the field. However, shooting star is an SCA-defined term meaning comet inverted, thus the CD for changes to the field is the only difference.

Please advise the submitter that there is some question on whether or not an argent comet can be used on this field due to the lack of contrast between the comet and the first and fourth quarters of the field. We decline to rule on that issue at this time.

Fíne ó Catháin. Name.

There are two problems with this name. First, in Gaelic names, the given name and the byname must agree in gender. The given name Fíne is feminine but the clan byname ó Catháin (more properly Ó Catháin) is masculine. Second, the name has two steps from period practice. The given name is Old Irish and the byname is Early Modern Irish, and this combination of languages is one step from period practice. The given name is dated to 800 and 805, but the byname is dated to the late 16th/early 17th C, and this temporal disparity is a second step from period practice. Ó Corrain and Maguire, Irish Names, s.n. Cathán indicate that this is also the Old and Middle Irish form of the name and they note a saint Cathán of the Dál nAraide of Antrim. We would change the name to the wholly feminine and wholly Old Irish Fíne ingen huí Chatháin, but the submitter doesn't allow major changes. Both changing the language of an element and the gender of an element are major changes.

Leo Schleif. Name.

The byname was documented as an undated header spelling in Bahlow, Dictionary of German Names. Undated header spellings in Bahlow, as with other sources, are only registerable if it is demonstrated that they are consistent with period forms of the byname. The only dated citations in this entry are Schersleifer Iglau 1369 and Slifsteyn Liegnitz 1368. A somewhat more similar byname, Schleyffer, can be found in Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "German Names from Nürnberg, 1497". We would change the name to one of these forms, but this would be a major change which the submitter does not allow.

Morgan MacDuff. Badge. Sable, in fess a skull enflamed between a pair of hands inverted couped argent.

This badge is returned for conflict with the badge for Kira Linn of Mountain Island, (Fieldless) A heart between and sustained by two hands inverted argent. There is a CD for adding the field but nothing for changing one of three co-primary charges. Nor is there a CD for conjoined hands vs. non-conjoined hands. If this same design is resubmitted, it should be drawn (and colored) such that the hands are clearly conjoined to the skull or are clearly separated from the skull.

This is clear of the badge for Ordo Famuli (Barony of Stromgard), (Fieldless) A pair of hands appaumy wrists outwards maintaining between them a roundel argent.. There is a CD for adding the field. There is another for the number of charges: the roundel in the barony's badge is clearly a maintained charge.

This is not "slot-machine heraldry", which is defined as the use of more than two types of charges in the same charge group. The flame is not a separate charge; it is more similar to a crown or a hat. As ruled in the registration of the device for Fabio Ventura (January 2008), the addition or removal of a hat is worth no difference, though in some cases it may be considered half the charge and thus may contribute to a tincture difference. As the flame and skull do not represent two distinct but conjoined charges, there are only two types of charges in the primary charge group: the hands and the enflamed skull.

Ni'ma al-'Aliyya. Name.

This is returned for lack of documentation of Ni'ma as a feminine name in our period. The LoI cited Salahuddin Ahmed, Dictionary of Muslim Names, for Ni'ma. This book is essentially a baby-name book; it contains almost no dates and many names which were invented after our period. It is not acceptable as the sole source of documentation for a name element.

The name Ni'ma is properly transliterated Ni`ma. In Arabic, ` and ' represent different letters, and the two symbols cannot be used interchangably. Ni`ma was used in our period as a masculine name; Loyall found an eleventh-century Sicilian `Al{i-} b. Ni`ma Ibn al-Haww{a-}s '`Al{i-} son of Ni`ma son of al-Haww{a-}s'. However, Ni`ma would not be registerable with the byname al-'Aliyya, because al-'Aliyya is feminine and Arabic bynames must agree in gender with the given name. As the submitter desires a feminine name and does not allow major changes (such as changing the gender of an element), we are returning this. The submitter may be interested in the similarly pronounced feminine name Najma, which appears in Juliana de Luna, "Arabic Names from al-Andalus".

Additionally, the documentation shows the byname as al-`Aliyya, not al-'Aliyya. If the submitter wishes to use this byname in a future resubmission, it should be spelled al-`Aliyya.

Her device was registered under the holding name Sabrina of Granite Mountain.

Rachel Ter Khorenatsi. Name.

This is returned for lack of documentation. The only documentation submitted for the construction Ter X in Armenian is a discussion of modern Armenian naming practices; no evidence was provided that this construction was used in period, which is required for registration.

Additionally, the given name was submitted via the legal name clause, but no proof of her legal name (either a copy of an ID document or a statement from a herald who witnessed such document) was provided. If the submitter wishes to resubmit Rachel, documentation needs to be provided that Rachel is part of her legal name or that it was used before 1600 in a culture compatible with the chosen surname.

Her device was registered under the holding name Rachel of Atenveldt.

Robert de Curry. Name.

Conflict with Robert de Kari. Though Kari and Curry are significantly different in spelling, they are too close in sound: "by long-standing precedent, the change of a single vowel is not a sufficient difference between two names" [Darchester, Shire of, 04/2003 LoAR, R-Caid].

Seamus mac Raibert. Name.

This is returned for administrative reasons: No summary of the documentation was provided on the LoI, and no name submission can be considered without a proper summary. Because this is an administrative return, we are explicitly not addressing the registerability or authenticity of the name at this time.

His device was registered under the holding name James of Windale.

Thomas Cyriak Bonaventure. Device. Gules, a chevron between a mullet of eight points and a cannon mounted in a ship's carriage, a bordure Or.

This device is returned for conflict with the device of Frae Fitzalleyne, Gules, issuant from a chevron, a demi-dragon rampant, in base a cinquefoil, all within a bordure, all Or. There is a single CD for changing the type of secondary charges. Even though Frae's dragon is issuant from the chevron, it is still a secondary charge. No difference is granted for the fact that it is conjoined to the chevron while Thomas's mullet is not. Nor is there a CD for changing the number of secondary charges. The cannon in its carriage is considered a single charge, thus both devices have only two secondary charges.

Thome Spyle Syngere. Device. Per pale sable and argent, a skeleton statant facing to sinister maintaining a recorder and a skeleton statant to dexter maintaining a lute, all counterchanged.

This device must be returned as it appears to be impaled arms. As ruled in the December 2007 Cover Letter, "if a divided field contains the same type of charge in each portion, and those charges maintain the same [type] of charge, then the maintained charges do not contribute to the appearance of marshalling." The ruling goes on to give a counter-example of Quarterly sable and argent, in bend a lion Or maintaining a sword argent and a lion Or maintaining a halberd argent, where the different types of maintained charges do yield the appearance of marshalling.

Similarly, in the submitted device, although the primary charges on either side of the per pale line are the same type (skeletons), their maintained charges differ. Thus, the maintained charges do contribute to the appearance of marshalling and are cause for return of the device.

Umm Ma'bad Amirah al-Zahra bint al-Azhar 'Abd al-Aziz ibn Malik al-Mansur. Name.

There are two problems with this name. First, in Arabic names, laqabs (descriptive bynames) do not precede the isms (given names). Since al-Azhar is being used as a laqab, it needs to follow the ism 'Abd al-Aziz. Second, the byname al-Mansur is a regnal name, used only by kings. Its registration is not allowed because it is an implicit claim to rank and so violates RfS VI.1 Presumptuous Names: Names Claiming Rank. The ism Mansur is found in Da'ud ibn Auda, "Period Arabic Names and Naming Practices"; its use is not presumptuous as its use was not restricted to kings. We would change the name to Umm Ma'bad Amirah al-Zahra bint_'Abd al-Aziz al-Azhar ibn Malik ibn_Mansur in order to correct these issues, but the submitter does not allow major changes.

ATLANTIA

Richard le Bere. Name.

Unfortunately, this name must be returned for conflict with the well-known modern actor Richard Gere. A majority of the commenters agreed that the actor is important enough to protect from conflict. Per RfS V.I.a.ii, the definite article le does not contribute to difference, so we are comparing Gere with Bere. The only difference here is the change of a single letter, which is not a significant enough visual change to clear the conflict.

CAID

Anne Ouy. Name.

This was withdrawn by the submitter.

Éadaoin inghen Mhuircheartaigh. Device. Azure, a harp reversed Or stringed argent and a ford proper.

This device is returned for conflict with Ireland, Azure, a harp Or stringed argent. There is not a CD for reversing a harp. The non-musician, non-herald at the decision meeting said he was unable to distinguish the submitted harp from Ireland's at any distance.

Kathryn Monelyght of Mythomstede. Device. Or, on a mullet sable a fountain.

This device is returned for conflict with the badge of Astra Christiana Benedict, (Tinctureless) On a mullet a cross crosslet. Mullets are not suitable for purposes of X.4.j.ii by precedent: "There is one CD for fieldlessness, but as the mullets are not simple charges, there is no CD for changing the type only of the tertiary." (LoAR June 1994, p.15) This precedent was reaffirmed in May 2004. As such, there is a single CD for the tinctured vs. tinctureless fields.

It is likewise returned for conflict with Eliahu ben Itzhak, Or, on a mullet of six points sable, a griffin segreant contourny Or. There is no CD between a mullet of five points and one of six points, and thus only one CD for the aggregate changes to the tertiary charge.

Lynnette de Sandoval del Valle de los Unicornios and Timotheus Zacharia von Schloss Zwilling. Joint badge. Purpure, a bezant within eight hands in annulo, fingers outward, Or.

Nearly all commenters initially thought that this was some sort of sun disjointed, as did most of the attendees at the meeting. Thus, this submission is returned for conflict with both Mary Elizabeth Fairweather of Priors Hardwick, Purpure, a sun Or within a bordure argent, with a single CD for the removal of the bordure, and Martin of the Fallen Star, Purpure, in base a mullet of twelve points Or, with a single CD for the change of location of Martin's mullet on the field.

CALONTIR

Ignatios ho Notadektes. Name.

This is returned for lack of documentation of the byname ho Notadektes as a plausible period byname. The byname ho Notadektes was submitted as a constructed byname meaning "spinebitter" [sic], with nota being proposed as a euphemism for "spine" and dektes for "biter". However, neither of these interpretations of the words are plausible; nota derives from notos "south wind; south", and dektes means "receiver, begger". No documentation was proposed that a compound along the lines of "south wind receiver" is a plausible Greek byname or, if it were, that Notadektes is grammatically correct.

Additionally, a number of the commenters raised the issue of the potential offensiveness of the byname. The College was unable to adequately judge this issue due to the repeated euphemisms used in the LoI. Therefore, we decline to rule on the issue at this time. Any resubmission of this byname should address this issue. In general, it is worth noting that if you can't explain clearly what a byname means in an LoI without resorting to euphemisms to avoid offensiveness, the byname is likely offensive.

DRACHENWALD

Queniva fitz Reginald. Device. Vert, three ivy leaves in pall stems to center argent.

Submitted as maple leaves, the leaves shown in the emblazon are nearly identical to the standard depiction of ivy leaves and we have blazoned them accordingly. As a result, this is returned for conflict with the badge of Theodora Delamore, (Fieldless) Three ivy leaves conjoined in pall argent. There is but a single CD for the field.

EAST

None.

GLEANN ABHANN

Christiana Breakspear. Device. Argent, a brown mare "galloping" to sinister proper, on a chief embattled sable two broken snaffle bits chevronwise Or.

This device is returned due to the unblazonable position of the legs of the horse. Heraldic postures are not naturalistic, as seen here. Heraldic postures are stylized and well-defined. This horse is not courant, statant, or passant. If the submitter wishes to have the beast in the posture shown, it must be documented as a period heraldic posture on resubmission.

LOCHAC

None.

MERIDIES

None.

OUTLANDS

None.

WEST

None.

- Explicit littera renuntiationum -

THE FOLLOWING ITEMS HAVE BEEN PENDED UNTIL THE March 2009 LAUREL MEETING (OR AS NOTED):

ÆTHELMEARC

Eoghan Røriksson. Name.

This name combines Gaelic and Danish or Swedish elements, but no evidence was provided for significant contact between Gaelic-speakers and Danish-speakers, or Gaelic-speakers and Swedish-speakers. Such evidence is required before either combination would be registerable (with or without a step from period practice). We are pending this for further research on the issue.

His device was registered under the holding name Eoghan of Sterlynge Vayle.

This was item 7 on the Æthelmearc letter of March 28, 2008.

ATENVELDT

Micahel Corey. Device. Per saltire azure and gules, in pale a pheon inverted within and conjoined to an annulet, and an anchor fouled with its line Or.

Blazoned on the LoI as Per chevron azure and gules, in pale a pheon inverted within and conjoined to an annulet, and an anchor fouled with its line Or, the field is actually per saltire. Only one commenter noted this issue, so we are pending this for further research. Commenters are asked to specifically address the issue below.

The issue was raised by the LoI and by commenters whether or not this violates section VIII.1.a of the Rules for Submission (Tincture and Charge Limit) by having three charges in the same charge group. We routinely treat armory such as the hypothetical Argent, a pheon within an annulet sable as a primary charge (pheon) and a secondary charge (annulet). The precedent

[Returning Per chevron gules and sable, in chief two dragonflies and in base a lily of the valley Or within an annulet argent.] Technically this violates RfS XIII.1.a by having three different types of charge in what is considered to be a standard type of arrangement. [4/94, p.17]

treats the hypothetical Argent, a fess between three pheons each within an annulet sable as armory with a primary charge (fess) and six secondary charges (pheons, annulets) with the secondary charges being in the same charge group.

In this submission, the question is whether the annulet is in the same charge group as the pheon and the anchor. If it is, then this will have to be returned as "slot-machine heraldry" for having three or more charges in the same group. However, that interpretation differs from how we would treat the pheon/annulet combination if they were the only charges on the field.

We ask commenters to consider the following questions:

-	Should we continute to treat a widget within an annulet as a primary charge and a secondary charge when they are the only charges upon the field?

-	When present as secondary charges, should a widget within an annulet be considered two secondary charges in the same charge group or two groups of secondary charges?

-	When present as part of a primary charge group, should a widget within an annulet be considered as co-primary charges with the other charges in that group?

-	Does the answer to the prior question depend on the charges? Specifically, would Argent, two pheons each within an annulet be treated the same way as Argent, in pale a widget and a pheon within an annulet?

-	Do these answers apply only to annulets, or do they apply to other surrounding charges, such as laurel wreaths?

This was item 46 on the Atenveldt letter of March 20, 2008.

Tatiana Verlioni. Name change from Marguerite Bouchard.

The given name Tatiana was documented as the name of a 3rd C martyred saint. In order for a given name to be registered under the saint's name allowance, evidence must be provided that the saint was known in a culture which is compatible with the byname. The byname Verlioni was documented as Italian, but the only culture that was found where the saint was known in the Middle Ages was Russian. Paul Wickenden, Dictionary of Russian Names 3rd ed., s.n. Tat'iana dates Tatiana to 1500. However, if the given name is documented as Russian, this means that the name combines Italian and Russian. This combination of languages has not yet been ruled on, so we are pending this name to allow the College to research whether there was the significant contact between Russian- and Italian-speakers required for registerability.

This was item 61 on the Atenveldt letter of March 20, 2008.

- Explicit -