AN TIR

Adrian Silverthorne. Name only (see RETURNS for device).

Alysoun Tobin. Name and device. Azure, a cross patonce between four ermine spots, tails outward in saltire and on a chief argent three roses proper.

Cornelius von Rugen. Name only (see RETURNS for device).

Dafydd ap Emrys. Name.

Edmund DeLaHoussaie. Name only (see RETURNS for device).

Submitted as Edmund dela Houssaie, we have modified the name to match the client's forms and his documentation (including his drivers license: it is his legal surname).

Elaine de Montgris. Name.

Eric of Kethkart. Name.

Faelan O Dalaigh. Device. Argent, two flaunches counter-ermine and in base a shamrock vert.

Flaunches should issue from the corners of the chief. Please inform the submitter to draw the flaunches properly.

Giuliana Audaci. Name.

Iain Dughall Cameron. Name and device. Gules, an otter couchant to sinister guardant within a bordure embattled argent.

Nice device!

Joan the Just of Lismore Isle. Name and device. Per fess wavy azure and vert, a lymphad, sail furled, and a fleam Or.

John MacLeod the Black. Name and device. Per saltire sable and vert, a male griffin segreant queue forchy supporting a quill pen Or.

There were several conflict calls of "[Field], a griffin segreant Or". In each case there is a CD for the field and a second for the very large quill pen. Nice armory and rendition!

Nice armory and rendition!

Submitted as Karrel der Ermutigender, we have modified the name to correct the grammar. On the device, the enarching of the chevronels is artistic. The "chevron enarched" as shown in Parker has a normal straight chevron with an arch conjoined to the bottom edge, very much different from those here.

Morgan ap Aelfgifu. Name.

Lady Harpy notes that Anglo-Saxon names are regularly found in a Welsh context, so the combination of the Welsh patronimic particle with the Anglo-Saxon name is not unreasonable.

Robyn Akre. Name and device. Per pale counter-ermine and azure, a chevron rompu argent.

Nice armory.

Submitted as Shirin al Hasan, we have modified the name to correct the grammar so that the gender of the byname matches that of the given, following period examples of other cognomen (e.g., al-'Amiriyah, al-Khansa, al-Zarqa').

This was pended from the August 1991 Laurel meeting.

William MacAndrew of Balnagowan. Name only (see RETURNS for device).

William of Wealdsmere. Name.

William of the Battered Helm. Name.

Regarding the question of presumption versus the West Kingdom Order of the Olde Battered Helm, deletion of both the words "Order of the" and "Olde" should be sufficient to remove the appearence of presumption.

Agnarr Svartormr Thorvaldsson. Name and device. Sable, on a bend argent a snake glissant sable within a bordure argent.

Draw the bordure bigger.

Angus Ramsay. Name.

Annes Clotilde von Bamburg. Device. Lozengy Or and vert, on a pall gules four bezants.

Arnolda Kolfinna O'Comhraidhe of Inis Celtra. Badge. [Fieldless] A Wake knot azure surmounted by two needles in saltire argent.

Béibhinn ni hAibhistín. Name and device. Purpure, a pile issuant from sinister base within a bordure Or.

Bjolfr Standali Vilmundarson. Name and device. Quarterly vert and purpure, three keys in pall wards outwards and widdershins within a bordure Or.

Bordermarch, Barony of. Badge. Sable, a ram's horn and a sinister side raguly argent.

Cadi ferch Bradwen. Device. Per chevron azure and gules, a Pegasus rampant to sinister within a bordure Or.
Pretty device!

Camilla du Boulay. Name and device. Purpure, an ounce's head erased contourny argent, marked sable, and a gore sinister Or.

Catherine of Cawdor. Name.

Christopher O'Bannion. Device. Per bend sinister gules and azure, a bend sinister between a natural lily slipped and leaved and an Aaron's rod within a bordure Or.

Connor of Skye. Name and device. Azure, on a bend argent three decrescents palewise azure and in sinister chief a dagger inverted argent.

Damaris of Greenhill. Device. Azure, three double-bitted axes hafts to center in pall inverted handles to center within a bordure Or.

Drogo de Montfort. Name.

Duncan Tirell. Name.

Elizabeth Lyon Gardener. Device. Gyronny argent and azure, a daisy gules within a bordure Or.

Draw the bordure wider.

His currently registered badge, Gules, a chevron rompu argent semy of broadarrows gules, is released.

Gwenllian Brighid Hertewelle. Device. Vert, in pale a stag's head cabossed Or and a stone well argent.

Nice cant! The roofless well is from Elvin, plate 39.

Johannes Löwe von Augsburg. Name and device. Sable, a lion rampant to sinister grasping in its dexter forepaw a snake Or, between flaunches lozengy purpure and Or.

Just Rick. Name change from Gaiseric Allison and device. Per bend sinister vert and Or, a bend sinister argent between a garb Or and a raven contourny sable.

Lord Dragon has found evidence from period for the given name Justus and Juste, as well as Ricke as a surname, so this name can be justified as a perfectly legitimate construction.

Nice armory!

Pretty device!

Morgan Ironheart. Name and device. Per fess indented Or and sable, a wyvern erect and a mullet of four points counterchanged.

Rhodri ap Gwythyr. Device. Or, two mullets in fess and a base sable.

This is clear of Lum and Pelton (Papworth, p. 994) Or, three mullets sable, with a change to the number of primaries and the addition of the subordinary. Peripheral charges such as chiefs, bordures, bases, flaunches, etc., are not considered to be a part of the primary charge group.

Robyn Solarius. Name and device. Per saltire Or and argent, a winged natural panther sejant sable, wings elevated and addorsed, gules.

Rosario di Palermo. Name and device. Gules, on a pale between two caltrops argent, three caltrops gules.

Serena Lascelles. Name change from Serena Ferch Ceridwen o Fers and device change. Argent, ermined, a quill pen within a bordure azure.

Serena Lascelles. Badge. [Fieldless] An ermine spot azure.

Sine of Stargate. Holding name and device (see RETURNS for name). Per bend gules and sable, in bend sinister a horse salient contourny between two crescents argent.

Submitted as Sine Greigsdottir.

Tadhg Liath. Name change from Tadhg Liath of Duncairn.

Tristan of Starlake. Name.

Given the existence of Starr as a surname in period (Reaney's DBS, p. 332), a locative based on "Starr's lake" makes the locative much more plausable.

ATENVELDT

Adelaide de Elphinstone. Name.

Alane O'Maoilriain. Name.

Andrew Buchanan. Name only (see RETURNS for device).

Anna Zauberkünstlerin. Name only (see RETURNS for device).

Submitted as Anna Zauberkunstler, we have modified the name to correct the grammar.

Submitted as Bei Ga An.

Colin MacDhaibhidh of Southkeep. Name.

Submitted as Colin MacDhaibidh of Southkeep, we have modified the patronymic to correct the grammar.

Submitted as Jurgan Peredur.

Submitted as Elizabeth of Yorkshire.

Gunnarr Hárfagri. Name.

Isabel la Noire. Name.

Submitted as Isabel Le Noire, we have modified the name to so that the article matches the noun in gender.

As has been noted before (and no doubt will be stated again): DO NOT USE LOUGHEAD FOR NAME DOCUMENTATION! If I may quote Lord Green Anchor, "Loughead's work is a 'what to name your baby book' with pretentions, and is worse than useless, nay, full of errors." Fortunately for the client in this case, Lady Harpy suggests a logical derivation from the Anglo-Saxon Ceolwine.

Matthias Silvan. Name.

Meadhbh O' Comáin a Corca Laoidhe. Name.

Corca Laoidhe appears to be an atypical place name, but does appear in MacLysaught.

Nice armory!

Robin Huxley of Land's End. Name.

Rowena Montgomery McMichie. Name.

Thord Ingvarsson. Name.

Twae Linnes, Shire of. Name.

Vivian Leonna d'Arcy. Badge. Pean, a unicorn's horn palewise erased argent within a double tressure Or.

Vsevolod Igorovich. Name.

Submitted as Vsevolod Igorevich, we have modified the name to correct the transliteration. (There is somewhat less leeway in substituting letters for Russian names than for some other languages, such as, say, Arabic or Chinese.)

Alaric Rhys Farren. Name and device. Per chevron argent and sable, an eagle displayed counterchanged a base enarched and indented argent.

Please inform the submitter to draw the base larger, and with indents much bolder (as in the device of John von der Velde, registered below).

Baldred Elphinstone of Torwood. Name only (see RETURNS for device).

Bero Mace Carruthers. Name.

Bran Trefonin. Badge. [Fieldless] An annulet sable surmounted by a sword inverted argent.

Caitlin Mairi nic Fhionghuin. Device. Argent, a unicorn passant vert in chief three thistles proper.

Corwyn Sinister. Device. Argent, a raven rising wings elevated and addorssed sable, on a chief vert three annulets argent.

Damon Mawer Hall. Name.

Dougal MacEwan. Name and device. Azure, two chevronells inverted and in chief a lance, a chief embattled Or.

Dugal MacTaveis. Device. Gules, on a chevron inverted cotised argent, three mullets palewise sable.

Eiluned ferch Gruffydd of Anglesey. Device. Per chevron sable and vert a chevron wavy between two mountains couped and a griffin segreant Or.

Registered in the April, 1990 LoAR as Eiluned Gruffydd of Anglesey, the patronymic particle was dropped by accident. As all of the client's forms have the article, we are restoring it now.

Eunice bas Yosef. Name.

Geoffrey MacHugh of Mull. Badge. [Fieldless] A set of bagpipes argent.

Giles O'Culzean. Device. Argent, in fess two battle axes that to sinister inverted and reversed sable a chief embattled gules.

Gwendolyn Palmer Fitch. Name change from Gwendolyn of Hidden Mountain.

Gwyl ferch Teleri Celli Caregl. Name change from holding name of Gwyl of Storvik.

Inés de Avila. Name and device. Per chevron purpure and Or, five estoiles in annulo argent and a moose statant guardant proper.

Isabella of Caer Mear. Name.

John von der Velde. Device. Per bend sinister vert and azure a double-bitted axe Or a base enarched and indented argent.

Registered in the April, 1991 LoAR as John van der Welde, the difference in the article appears to have come from a typo on the diskette Lord Laurel received. All of the submitters forms have "von". (At last! A base enarched and indented from someone in this group with the indentations big enough. Tell the remaining members, "Go, and do thou likewise.")

His currently registered device, Per saltire sable and Or, in cross four oak leaves counterchanged, is released.

Versus Mikhail Reubenovic Kopaczewski, Per pale sable and Or, a double headed displayed counterchanged a chief embattled gules, there is a CD for removing the chief, and a second (barely) for the differences between a griffin and an eagle in this position. The primary visible differences between an eagle and a griffin in this position are the griffin's ears and tail, as the forelimbs are almost invisible against the wings.

Versus Ciarrai MacBraonain an Taghdach, Sable, a sun between in cross four oak leaves, all within a bordure Or, there is more than sufficient difference for the deletion of the primary even without considering the bordure. Versus Margery of Birdsong Garth, Sable, two leaves of Ladies Mantle in fess, stemms crossed Or, there is a CD for number and another for type, not to mention the arrangement. Versus the Barony of the Steppes, Sable, semy of oak leaves Or, there is a CD for number and another for arrangement (in cross vs. all palewise).

Submitted as Katriona nic Séamus, this name was returned in the October 1991 LoAR.

Muirgel Lyon. Name.

Philip d'Ypres. Name and device. Erminois, a lion salient gules, on a chief potenty sable a chain fesswise throughout Or.

Ranulf d'Arcy. Badge. [Fieldless] On a heart argent a stags head couped affronté proper.

Robin MacMorran. Device. Argent, a gloved hand holding a sword sable, on flaunches azure, two owls respectant guardant argent.

Please make certain that the submitter is informed to draw flaunches correctly, issuant from the corners of the chief.

Submitted as Sabine la Peureux, we have modified the name to correct the grammar so that the gender of the byname matches the rest of the name.

Saviya degli Zinari. Device. Pean, on a gore sinister Or, a raven sable.

Teleri Talgellawg. Badge. Gules, an owl's head couped and in chief a crescent Or.

Teleri Talgellawg. Household name and badge for Celli Caregl. [Fieldless] Three oak leaves stems conjoined in pall gules surmounted by a chalice Or.

Wystan Roland Sacheverell. Device. Azure, on a chevron doubly cottised between three crescents argent, a crescent azure.

CALONTIR

Aethelstan of Axford. Name and device. Quarterly azure and argent, an orle embattled on the inner edge counterchanged.

Pretty device!

Great cant!

Submitted as Hamish Duncan MacAlpin.

Johann Tscharner von Graffenried. Name and device. Sable, a squirrel sejant erect to sinister within a bordure argent.

Advise the submitter to draw the bordure bigger.

Lorraine Devereaux. Name.

Lorraine is the submitter's legal given name. Especially given the modern-day use of Lorraine as a feminine given name, I am extremely hesitant to refuse to register it, even given the region Lorraine's position in the history of Europe (which probably helped lead to its use as a personal name). Lorraine does not seem nearly so obtrusive a usage as, say, "England" or "Italia" would.

Olivia Xiména de Cabezón. Device. Or, chapé ployé plummety Or and vert, a lily, all within a bordure sable semy of hawk's bells Or.

Táncos János. Badge. [Fieldless] A mullet per pale gules and argent.

Versus Richard Hodden (Papworth, p. 989) ...a mullet..., There is a CD for fieldlessness, and a second (presumably) for changing the tincture of half of the mullet. The blazon in Papworth leads us to believe that Hodden's mullet is not divided per pale, so it would be of a single tincture. As such, even were it gules or argent, this proposal is sufficiently different to receive a CD for tincture.

EAST

Ange Casseur de Masse. Device. Per fess Or and azure, a mace between four fleurs-de-lys two and two counterchanged.

Angeline of the Grove. Name and device. Azure, a ferret salient to sinister and on a chief embattled argent three roses gules.

Berengaria of the Hounds. Device change. Per bend flory and counter-flory purpure and Or.

Her existing arms, Per bend indented gules and Or, two Irish wolfhound's heads erased counterchanged, are released.

Brighid ó Maoilsheachlainn. Name.

Brigid MacFarlane. Name and device. Per pall Or, gules and argent, three swans naiant sable, argent and gules.

Caer Adamant, Shire of. Name and device. Azure, on a pale vert fimbriated between two laurel wreaths a sword Or.

Caitlin Fraser. Name.

Christof Imbach. Name and device. Azure, a dolphin hauriant embowed and in chief two grenades Or all between two flaunches argent.

Clotilde von der Insel. Name.

Colwin of Ivencross. Name.

Cynuise ó Cianáin of Bardsea. Name change from Cynuise Caireach ó Ceóinin of Bardsea.

Dafydd Rhys ap Llewellyn o Gaernarfon. Name.

Daniel of Stonemarche. Name and device. Azure, a boar's head cabossed argent and in base three plates two and one.

Duinnsech nic Aodha. Name and device. Azure, an open book argent bound sable and in chief a compass-star argent.

Submitted as Duinnsech nic hAodha, we have modified the name to correct the grammar, as the feminine patronymic particle does not cause aspiration here.

Fine of Clare. Name and device. Per pale azure and gules, on a sun argent an estoile of eight rays sable.

Francesca di Monopoli. Name.

Guenddoleu ferch Cadwalladr. Name change from Guenddoleu MacAodhagain.

Gwydion ab Aeddan. Name.

Gwynedd of Allendorf. Name and device. Argent, a unicorn rampant gules and on a chief sable three dramatic masks Or.

Horsa the Lost. Name and device. Azure, two salmon hauriant embowed addorsed argent and in chief a plate.

Hrothgar Rogan. Name and device. Per bend sinister engrailed argent and gules, a flamberge and a lion rampant counterchanged.

Ice Valley, Shire of. Device. Per fess indented azure semy of lozenges argent, and argent, in base a laurel wreath azure.

Iseult de Londres. Name and device. Lozengy gules and Or, on a pile gules a dragon segreant Or.

This particular design is just acceptable. Because of the nearly parallel lines of the lozengy field and the pile, the outline of the primary is almost too badly broken up to be identifiable. The best analogy for allowing this is an ordinary counter-compony or checky sharing a tincture with the field. But it would have been better on a field whose division lines did not so closely follow the line of the ordinary.

James FitzGeorge. Device. Vair, a pegasus rampant Or and on a chief vert three celtic crosses Or.

James FitzGeorge. Badge. On an escallop azure a celtic cross argent.

Katharine Slough. Name.

Kyriell Hawkmoon. Device. Sable, on a plate a hawk close belled azure all within a bordure embattled argent.

Lariszka of the Carpathians. Device. Argent, on a chevron engrailed between three reremice sable, three roses argent seeded gules.

Versus Hamon (Papworth, p. 504), Argent, on a chevron engrailed between three martlets sable, as many cinquefoils Or, there are CDs for both the type and posture of the secondaries.

Leopold von Babenhausen. Badge. [Fieldless] Two dragon's heads addorsed vert issuant from a goblet Or.

[Irreverent comment from the Laurel Meeting: "This is a very heady brew".]

Mark Phillipsson. Name and device. Argent, a pall gules and in chief an eagle displayed sable.

Some commenters were concerned that this name was claiming a relationship to Mark Phillips, currently a member of the English Royal family. Were Captain Phillips first name Phillips, this might be an issue. As it is, the client is claiming to be "Phillip's son", not "Mark Phillip's son".

Morwynna Cryw. Badge. [Fieldless] A heron close contourny azure holding in its beak an oak sprig inverted proper.

Norric Warnock. Badge. [Fieldless] On a mullet argent a phoenix gules.

Rosalie of Rosethorn Castle. Name.

Sigeræd filius Blaecwulf. Name.

Ulric von der Insel. Name.

Vladislav of Tîrgoviste. Name and device. Per bend purpure and argent two reremice counterchanged.

Yngvar the Dismal. Badge. [Fieldless] An eagle stooping wings elevated and addorsed argent.

Ysabeau ferch Gwalchaved. Name and device. Counter-ermine, on a bend sinister wavy argent three gouttes de sang palewise.

Nice device!

Æthelred Asuson. Name.

Submitted as Æthelred Asasson, we have modified the name to correct the grammar of the matronymic.

Cassandra Villiers. Name.

Submitted as Cassandra Löwenstahl. A letter of correction was sent out by Lady Pennon, which matched the client's documentation.

Elazar of Northumbria. Name.

Isaac MacDaniel. Name.

Juan Pelayo de Huesca. Name only (see RETURNS for device).

Konrad von Oberstein. Name.

Leonard of Dartmoor the Elder. Name.

Muriel of Braybrooke. Name.

Ruth Freespirit. Device. Per chevron inverted purpure and Or, a chevron inverted counterchanged Or and sable between a crescent Or and a winged seeblat purpure.

Smythkepe, Shire of. Name only (see RETURNS for device).

Thomas Wilhelm Claegburne. Name only (see RETURNS for device).

Uilleam Mac Uilleam of Gairloch. Device. Sable, on a pale cotised between two thistles Or a sword inverted sable.

MIDDLE

Aelfwine Edwineson. Device. Azure, two piles issuant from sinister fesswise Or.

Agnes Margaret de Grinstead. Name.

Agatha de Grinstead. Name.

Alesia de Castille. Name.

Ancel fitz Charles. Badge. Vert, a stone hammer within a bordure embattled Or.

Ashikawa Kameko. Name only (see RETURNS for badge).

Cassandra of Longford. Name.

Ciaran Fionn MacCuillean. Device. Sable, semy of annulets argent, on a wine amphora per fess argent and Or a goblet sable.

Connor de Morgan. Device. Per fess engrailed argent and azure, a chevronel gules and another Or.

Deryk fan it Fryskwâld. Change from holding name of Deryk of Rimsholt.

Ealdgytha of Spalding Abbey. Name.

Elayna Lilley. Name.

Fergus Mac úi Bhriuin. Name and device. Per pale azure and vert, between the attires of a bearded stag's head cabossed a Lacy knot Or.

Gerhardt von Reutlingen. Name and device. Per bend sinister argent and sable, a sword bendwise sinister and another bendwise sinister inverted counterchanged.

Gratia Gregoria von Metten. Name.

Jemila del Lirio. Name and device. Per bend sinister sable and Or, a bend sinister between a cross clechy and a quill pen bendwise sinister counterchanged.

Jillian Stevynsdaughter. Name and device. Argent, a four-petalled rose azure barbed vert seeded argent between five cat's pawprints in orle sable within a bordure sable semy of cat's pawprints argent.

Kieran Wolfkin. Name and device. Vert, in pale two swords inverted in saltire and a wolf rampant all within a bordure argent.

Kristen De Caen. Name.

Kuji Akiko. Device. Purpure, on a chevron inverted Or three daisies vert seeded sable and in base an open scroll bendwise conjoined to a quill pen bendwise sinister Or.

Luciano di Challant. Name.

Martín de Suero y Tresguerras. Name and device. Per pale argent and vert, two scarpes counterchanged gules and argent between a raven displayed contourny sable armed and a tower Or.

Martín de Suera y Tresguerras. Badge. Per bend sinister argent and vert, a reremouse displayed inverted sable.

Neptunalis Frederich Wilhelm von Metten. Name.

Paulina Céline. Device correction. Counter-vairy Or and azure, an increscent and on a chief gules a lion dormant Or.

Pretty armory! Her already registered device, Vairy Or and azure, an increscent and on a chief gules a lion dormant Or, is released.

Wade Fletcher Fowler - Auldhæfen. Badge. [Fieldless] On a rope-bound wine cask Or a penner and inkhorn gules.

OUTLANDS

Adrianna Gretchen von Fehmarn. Name only (see RETURNS for device).

Aedhán Brecc. Name.

Alethea la Sage. Name and device. Per bend sinister purpure and sable, on a bend sinister wavy between two ankhs Or, three roses gules.

Ariannah Rose of Bishop's Lynn. Name.

Bjarni Kenhelm. Device. Argent, two eagle's wings conjoined gules, holding in saltire two axes, within a bordure sable.

Cala of Savatthi. Name.

Eileen Fraser. Name.

Grigorei Nikolaevitch Belkin. Name and device. Azure, two squirrels sejant erect, addorsed, and on a chief Or, two swords in pale, the upper reversed, azure.

Hawk's Hollow, Canton of. Name and device. Gules, a hawk stooping, wings addorsed, and on a chief engrailed Or, three laurel wreaths vert.

Mael Marden. Name for House Ravenskeep.

Marcus Ceti. Name and device. Per fess engraled argent and azure, in chief an orca naiant to sinister proper.

Submitted as Marcus de Ceti, we have modified the name to correct the grammar. "De" requires the ablative case, which would result in "Marcus de Ceto" ("Marcus (down) from the whale")

Plattefordham, Shire of. Name and device. Argent, masoned sable, in pale a sheaf of arrows, banded and a laurel wreath gules between flaunches azure.

Nice device.

Tamlene ap Guidgen. Name.

TRIMARIS

Dirk of Storm. Holding name and device. Pean, a wolf rampant argent maintaining in its dexter forepaw an open book argent, bound gules, in its sinister forepaw a dagger inverted proper, a bordure Or.

This armory was pended from the August 1991 Laurel meeting. Submitted under the name Dirk d'Arsenal, which was returned at that time.

This was pended from the August 1991 Laurel meeting.

Aíbgréne Rose. Device. Sable, an owl contourné argent, clutching a rose fesswise reversed, slipped and leaved proper, in canton a roundel, all within a bordure argent.

Draw the bordure bigger.

Her currently registered arms, Gyronny vert and ermine, on a chief Or three cinquefoils purpure, are released.

Anastasiya Mikhailovna Mysheva. Name and device. Bendy sinister wavy argent and azure, six salmon hauriant purpure.

Aodhan Hawkwood. Name.

Aramanth de Warrene. Name and device. Azure, a cat's head cabossed within an orle argent.

Axel the Black. Device. Sable, three flames argent.

Bartholomew Kidwelly. Name only (see RETURNS for device).

Bran McNish. Device. Argent, two celtic crosses and in base a garden rose fesswise reversed sable, slipped and leaved vert, on a chief embattled sable, three harps argent.

Brandon McKay. Name.

Brandon was explicitly ruled acceptable as a given name in the July 1991 LoAR.

Documentation provided by Lords Habicht and Badger indicate that the use of "aus" is as acceptable as the more common "von".

Brigit de Montfort. Name and device. Vert, on a bend sinister between a balance and a cinquefoil Or, a frog courant to sinister vert.

Bruno de Brest. Device. Sable, a bend sinister cotissed between a bear paw fesswise contourny and a bear paw fesswise argent.

Caitlin de Fernon. Name only (see RETURNS for device).

Catherine Moncreiffe. Name.

Cathleen McCollum. Name and device. Vert, a deer lodged contourny and a point pointed argent.

Catraoine ni Risteaird. Device. Vert, a celtic cross argent, between flaunches ermine.

Pretty device.

Chryse Raptes. Name.

Submitted as Chryse Raptos, we have modified the name to match the documentation and the submitter's forms.

Cybi de Elmhurst. Change of name from Cuby of Elmhurst.

Damian of Drax. Name and device. Sable, two pegasi segreant addorsed argent, a base embattled Or.

Nice device!

Dubh Thrian, Canton of. Name and device. Per chevron argent and sable, a laurel wreath purpure.

Edward Darkslade. Name.

Emayne Muriella MacGregor. Name.

Emeric Mallikson. Device. Per pale sable and Or, an amphisbaena passant counterchanged, a chief gules

Etienne Michel de Calais. Name and device. Argent, in pale three pairs of bat-wings conjoined gules.

Etienne Michel de Calais. Badge. [Fieldless] Upon a pair of bat-wings conjoined gules, a compass star argent.

Evadne of Southern Shores. Holding name and device (see RETURNS for name). Azure, a unicorn's head couped to sinister argent, in canton a decrescent Or.

Submitted as Evadne Wracusmith.

Gillian Fitzgilbert. Name and device. Quarterly gules and sable, a sun in splendor Or, a bordure erminois.

Grania McNish of Eagle's Eyre. Device. Sable, an eagles head erased reversed argent, between three acorns, on a chief embattled Or, a garden rose reversed, sable, slipped and leaved vert.

Gwenllian de L'Isle. Name and device. Per pale sable and purpure, a morning glory issuant from base, slipped and leaved argent.

Submitted as Gwenllian DeL'Isle of Willowind Manor, we have modified the name to match the submitters documentation. We have also dropped the "coined place name". We need some kind of documentation that Willowind is formed in a period manner or otherwise based in period practice. Regarding the device, versus Aeruin as Sruth Waleis, [Fieldless] A daffodil slipped and leaved argent, there is a CD for fielded versus fieldless and a second (just) for the type of flower.

Submitted as Inbhir na Da hAbhann, we have modified the name to correct the grammar.

While Lord Laurel is flattered that he is considered by some to be "the Imam of Arabic names" and that the submitting heralds "would not endanger [their] souls by doubting that his words are true and faithful interpretations of the holy sources", ain't nobody perfict pirfect right all'a time. For the benefit of those commenters who wish to know, the name elements come from Jaschke's Arabic/English Conversational Dictionary. (Just because Lord Laurel forgot to include this information in his letter to the submitters doesn't mean that the submission should have been forwarded without such citations. After all, I am just a phone call away.) The construction of the name appears to be correct (as opposed to a suggested "al-Jabal Samira"), following the pattern of Jabal al-Fadill, Jabal at-Tayr, and Jabal os Siraj, all from the Times Atlas of the World, 1990 edition. (Please make sure the submitters know that it would be pronounced "JAH-bal as-SamEERa".)

Submitted as Jane Willowspoon.

Lavinia Elizabeth Lambert. Name.

Linnet of Heart's Rest. Name and device. Vert, a chevron nebuly between two natural tigers combattant and a cross crosslet fitchy, all within a bordure argent.

Not only should the client be asked to draw the bordure bigger, but the chevron on the large emblazon could be termed at best miniscule. Please tell the client to make it much wider.

Magnus Bruce. Name and device. Quarterly Or and sable, a cup argent between three crosses formy fitchy counterchanged.

Margiad Glan y Mor. Name and device. Quarterly vert and azure, a cross between in bend two seahorsed respectant Or.

Maura Dale Hawkwood. Name.

Meghan nic Ghillónfhaidh. Device. Quarterly argent and vert, four lozenges counterchanged purpure and argent, on a chief purpure, a dragon passant to sinister argent.

Morgan Greyson. Name.

Nikolai Petrovich iz Taimyra. Name and device. Azure, two wolf's heads addorsed conjoined at the neck, on a chief argent, two roundels azure.

While "iz Taimyra" is hardly the most likely form of this name, it does appear to be correctly formed (rather than "sounding reasonable", as stated in the LOI). ["Seeming" reasonableness cannot be considered to be documentation.] A more likely form, however, would appear to be Taimyrsky.

Rayna O'Donnell. Name.

Rebekah of Hillsview. Name.

Rhieinwylydd Dolwyddelyn. Name change from Vanessa of Armorica.

Stanislaw Jan Ossolinski. Change of name from Stanley of Harlech.

Sven the Stormdriven. Release of badge. Sable, a quill bendwise sinister within a bordure invected argent.

Tegwen Llyn y Fan Fawr. Device. Argent, a fret per pale vert and sable within a bordure per pale sable and vert.

Tristram the Enigmatic. Name and device. Per fess vert and Or, on a pale counterchanged between two hearts, a closed book Or.

Submitted as Tristan the Enigmatic, we have modified the name to match the client's forms and Lord Vesper's correction.

William Beren Randolf. Name and device. Gules, a pall inverted between three wolf's heads erased contourné within a bordure Or.

Very pretty.!

Wulfstan of Broxton. Device. Per pale sable and argent, in pale two attires counterchanged.

THE FOLLOWING SUBMISSIONS HAVE BEEN RETURNED:

AN TIR

Adrian Silverthorne. Device. Quarterly, gules and argent, in bend two castles argent and in bend sinister two serpents erect to sinister, tail nowed vert, overall a cross sable.

Given that crosses overall were not infrequently used in marshalled arms in period, this has every appearence of the marshalled arms of Barnstable and O'Drone.

Conflict with Alethia Elphin of Dragonholde, Vert, a dragon sejant, wings elevated and addorsed maintaining in dexter forepaw a crescent Or. There is one CD for the field but nothing for the minor change to posture or the maintained charge. Furthermore, this is not a per chevron inverted field. Per chevron inverted issues from the sides of the field and not the corners of the chief. This could at best be considered a very deep chief triangular, which in this case would be color on color.

This is a joke name much on the order of Decrease Mather, Ivan the Not-So-Terrible, and Richard the Chicken-hearted, all of which have been returned for being joke names far too allusive to the historical Increase Mather, Ivan the Terrible, and Richard the Lionhearted, respectively. By the same token, this is far to allusive to Carolus Magnus (Charlemagne). The device conflicts with Lang (Papworth, p. 307), Azure, a dove rising holding in its beak an olive branch proper, in chief a mullet between two crosses formy Or. There is one CD for the change to type of the secondaries, but nothing for the slight change in position of the primary. The primary identifying feature of a martlet, its lack of feet, is here hidden by the position of the wing.

Per RFS XIII.2.b.i, both the sword and the pithon lie directly (though not entirely) on the field, and must therefore contrast with it. At almost any distance the sword becomes virtually invisible, being, as it is, "metal upon metal". Would he consider making the sword sable or one of the other colors?

Conflict with Hermann Otto Koehlerman, Sable, a bend sinister Or. There is one CD for the addition of the secondaries.

Conflict with Hayes (Papworth, p. 1100) Or, a sun gules. There is one CD for the changes in the center of the sun. Additionally, we have not registered a sun eclipsed of the field since 1985, and it is questionable whether we want to start again now.

A shamrock is too complex a charge to fimbriate. This also conflicts with Myles of the Shamrock, Argent, a shamrock vert. There is one CD for the field, but nothing for the fimbriation.

The design of the fieldless badge is not self-contained in the sense required by RfS VIII.5. There are clearly two groups of charges here, which are not nearly so clearly "connected", and certainly not "self-contained".

Lachlana does not appear to be a properly formed Scottish feminine name. No evidence was presented that Scots Gaelic feminized masculine names by adding "a". The device conflicts with the U.S. Blackhorse Division, Panzerbrigade 21, and 4º Stormo de Armedo d'Aosta, Argent, a horse salient sable within a bordure gules. There is one CD only for changing the orientation of the horse.

There are two problems with the device. The first is that the raven is not really rising [one commenter suggested that he was really "doin' the funky monkey"]. The second (and greater) problem is that this is not really an orle embattled counter-embattled, appearing as it does to be a lighting bolt in orle. With not one but two artistic problems with the device, we did not feel comfortable in registering it with the instruction that the submitter draw the "X" properly.

Conflict with Brees (Papworth, p. 98), Azure, a wolf rampant argent. There is possibly a CD for the large (but probably post-period) drum, but the difference in posture here from rampant is essentially moving one hind paw. This is insufficient for the necessary second.

Bjolfr Standali Vilmundarson. Badge. Per pale vert and purpure, three keys in pall wards outward and widershins Or.

Conflict with Beheim (Siebmacher, plate 66) Gules, three keys in pall wards outward handles linked by a triangle voided all Or. There is a CD for the field, but the triangle linking the three keys is the equivalent of a maintained charge and thus insufficient for a second Difference.

Conflict with Gell (Papworth, p. 278), Azure, on a bend engrailed between two lions heads erased Or, three cinquefoils gules. There is one CD for change to the type of secondaries, but nothing for the change of type only to the tertiaries.

No evidence was presented that the household name is formed in a period manner or follows period naming practices, and none of the commenters noted such a pattern in period. Although the charges were all blazoned as Or in the LOI, the client's forms have them as argent. We are returning this for clarification from the submitting herald.
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Conflict with James III of Scotland and with James of Scotland the VI and of England the I, a thistle. There is one CD for fielded versus fieldless. Though submitted as "Per bend sinister azure and argent, five pallets Or issuant from the line of division ....", the above blazon much more closely follows the real visual impact of the design.

Submitted as Loch Soillier, and in the Armorial as Loch Solleir, the name was originally submitted and registered as Soilleir. Conflict with Elffin of Mona, Vert, an annulet rayonny on the outer edge argent and in chief a sword fesswise proper. There is one CD for removing the secondary. However, the sea-serpent in annulo biting its own tail is far to close to the annulet rayonny on its outer edge for the necessary second Difference. The head and tail on the sea-serpent amount to not much more than diapering.

[Irreverent comment from the Laurel meeting: "Captain, me onomastics canna' stand much more o' this!" "Norse, Scotty, I want more Norse!"] While there are a number of Scottish patronymics formed from Old Norse personal names, no evidence was presented that the reverse ever occurred. This makes sense as the migration of settlers appears to have been pretty much one-way, from Scandinavia to Britain.

Conflict with Drake Pursuivant, and with the household name Drakeshalle, registered to Miscell of Lyonesse. In each case the only difference is the addition of the adjective, which is insufficient. Additionally, nearly every commenter found "enthorned" to be an unlikely construction.

Andrew Buchanan. Device. Bendy sinister of eight argent and gules, a sword bendwise inverted counterchanged and in sinister chief a thistle slipped and leaved purpure.

The counterchanging of the sword on the field renders its identifiability extremely problematical. The silhouette is so broken up by the counterchanging across the bendy field that it becomes extremely difficult to identify, defeating one of the basic principles of period-style heraldry, quick identification.

The "fox" is unrecognizable as such. It has a very distinctive lion's tail and the hood obscures the head where a lion's mane would normally be. If it is really a fox this conflicts with James the Fox, Or, a fox rampant guardant gules, with one CD for adding the golpes (they are purpure on the large emblazon, not blue [hurts] as blazoned in the LoI). If treated as a lion this conflicts with Gryffudd (Papworth, p. 82), Or, a lion rampant gules, by the same count.

No documentation was submitted confirming either the structure of the two character given name or that Ga could be so used. No commenters were able to find Ga as a name element.

Conflict with Elizabeth of York, wife of Henry VII, Queen of England. Addition of the designator "shire" is not sufficient.

Conflict with Spence (Papworth, p. 788), Argent, on a fess azure three covered cups Or. There is a CD for the addition of the secondaries but nothing for the change to number only of tiertiary.

No evidence was presented for this spelling of the German Jürgen, and the pronunciation is sufficiently different as to no make this a likely spelling variant. Since the submitter allowed no changes whatsoever, we are having to return the name in its entirety.

The byname is disallowed under RFS VI.2, Names Claiming Powers. You may not style yourself "the wizard" in the Society.

Conflict with Kene (Papworth, p. 100), Azure, a talbot passant Or, on a chief argent three crosses crosslet sable. There is a CD for the multiple changes to the tertiaries only.

Lynnea is a post-period Swedish name from the surname Linnæus. Falcon tail feathers come in many colors and cannot be specified as "proper" without a species name. We have recently banned this "Linnæn" practice (armory which requires the Linnæan genus and species for reproduction of the emblazon).

Conflict with Dragomanni (Woodward p. 100) Or, a dragon gules. It could reasonably be argued that the cumulative changes to the number of heads and tail plus the type of wings could allow as much as one CD. However, we need two.

Conflict with Eleanor Leonard, [Fieldless] A mullet of four points distilling a gout. There is one CD for fielded versus fieldless, but that is all.

Withdrawn by Lady Aten.

Conflict with Lovett (Papworth, p. 966), Sable, three padlocks argent. There is one CD for the change of number of the primaries.

Aodh Adendra Marland. Name and device. Sable, seme of compass stars, a tree eradicated argent, leaved of flames proper.

The use of the Greek Adendra here is more than mildly eccentric. The use of a Greek adjective (as opposed to a Greek name element) in the middle of an Irish/English name seems unlikely. We would prefer to see some evidence of at least a pattern of similar naming practices in period. As for the device, there are a couple of problems. Even on the large emblazon, the compass stars are not so much a semy as they are in orle. Further, they vary radically in size. Additionally, the charge registered to her husband's household is not a tree of flames; it is in fact two charges, a tree blasted argent and in chief flames Or. Thus, the primary on this proposal is not grandfathered nor is it period style, and we will need evidence of its compatability with period style before we may register it.

Conflict with Rodway (Papworth, p. 828), Argent, on a fess azure between three bugle horns sable, as many roses Or. There is one CD only for the change to the tiertiary(ies).

RFS II.4 states that "elements of the submitters legal name may be used as the corresponding part of the Society name if such elements are not excessively obtrusive and do not violate other sections of these rules." Unfortunately, Deyrni is "excessively obtrusive", owing at least in part to the great popularity of Kathrine Kurtz's Deryni series. (That she is well known as a Countess in the SCA doesn't help, either.) Nearly every commenter who had anything to say about this name noted the problem of reading the given as "Deryni".

Conflict with Yamanaka (Hawley p. 63), A coin (a roundel pierced of a delf). There is a CD for the addition of the secondaries, but no additional change for the shape of the piercing, for tincture (since mundane mon are essentially tinctureless) nor for fieldlessness (since mon are not fieldless badges. Mon have fields; their tinctureless makes them omnifielded for all practical purposes.)

The blazon in the armorial ("a tree blasted argent, in chief flames proper") more accurately matches the colored emblazon in the files than the "correction".

Hamish Duncan MacAlpin. Name.

Hamish is not a name. It is a phonetic rendering of the Gaelic name Seumas in the vocative case, and only became misconsidered a given name by mistake by non-Gaelic speakers in post-period times. It is no more a given than would be the possesive James'. If the submitter would consider the given Seumas, this would work.

Berengaria of the Hounds. Badge. [Fieldless] On a cross flory gules a fleur-de-lys Or.

Conflict with Walcote (Papworth, p. 65), Argent, on a cross patonce gules five fleurs-de-lys Or. There is one CD for fieldless versus fielded, but nothing for the difference between a cross flory and a cross patonce, nor anything for the change to number only of the tertiary charge(s).

Though apparently based on Japanese "fish scales" (Hawley, p. 86), the overall design is obtrusively modern (see RFS VIII.4.d). A much better design would have the three charges two and one on the field, or one and two. Placing them in pale makes them look like a modern corporate logo rather than a form of heraldic display, either European or Japanese.

Conflict with Echlin (Papworth, p. 1088) Argent, a galley proper. There is one CD for the field, but nothing for the orientation of the ship or for changing the tincture of the sails which amount to approximately one third of the primary charge. No evidence was presented that period heralds allowed any difference for changing the tincture of the sails on a ship.

As noted in the cover letter of December 2, 1984, and the LoAR of December;15, 1985, "There is no 'standard' viscomital coronet, either as a physical entity or an heraldic convention." Viscounts and Viscountesses may use the default heraldic coronet (a crown indented of three points) if they so choose. The pomme breaks tincture with the field, not being exactly "on" the dragons gambe but acting more like an overall charge.

Neither the byname nor the locative match the client's documentation. In particular, the addition of the "c" in "acqua" does not appear to have any rationalization. Since the client would not allow changes before being contacted we are having to return this submission for additional documentation supporting these spellings or permission to modify the spellings to match her documentation.

As has been stated many times in the past, Society practice follows the general rule, not the anomoly. While Lord Brigantia did find one instance of a mundane coat of arms which had a bordure and chief of the same tincture, the general rule appears to be that while bordures and chiefs are sometimes found, they are of different tinctures, and frequently have differing lines of division to further differentiate them. This is therefore returned for having the chief and bordure of the same tincture.

Conflict with Wirgman (Papworth, p. 953), Azure, Justice habited in white holding in the dexture hand a pair of scales and in the sinister a scepter both Or. There is a CD for the field, but there is no difference between one woman habited habited in white and another woman habited in white, nor anything for the gold maintained charges.

Ana Karisa Dmitriev of Plumley. Name change from Ana Dmitriev of Plumley.

Karisa is not a reasonable coined name for Russian. The two elements "kar-" and "-isa" have entirely different roots and are not separable elements. She might consider the similar (but differently pronounced) Kharissa.

This device has several problems, the laurel wreath is almost lost in base. It needs to be "prominent part" of the design. (Drawing it two to three times larger should be sufficient.) The device technically exceeds the complexity count in the rule of thumb in XIII.1.a, with four types of charge and five tinctures, for a complexity charge of nine. Having the griffins holding, in the words of Lord Green Anchor, "assorted doobusses" is not good style. Additionally the large emblazon sent to Laurel appears to have been colored in almost entirely in pencil, making the "argent portions" light grey and the "sable portions" dark grey. [Might we suggest the judicious use of a book like Fox Davies and a Xerox machine for drawing the various charges?]

Conflict with Genor (Papworth, p. 677), Sable, three cups Or. There is one CD for the addition of the gore.

Conflict with Bassett (Papworth, p. 1027), Or, three piles in point gules. There is one CD for the overall charge.

Paré, even in the client's own documentation, is clearly a surname. The name lacks a given. The device conflicts with Sandra of Calafia, Gules, on a bend sinister sable fimbriated three fleurs-de-lys palewise Or. There are no CDs; the sole change is to the number of the tertiaries.
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The badge is excessively complex, with four types of charge and four tinctures in addition to having four layers ("field", annulet, overall charge, quaternary charges). Additionally the overall design is very modern in appearance. The combination of these "four-fold" problems forces us to return this design.

Conflict with Caomhghin ap Rhys o Dunn na hEam, Argent, a triple-towered castle, on a chief azure an eagle displayed argent. There is a CD for the addition of the laurel wreath but revised RfS X.4.j.ii does not allow a second for the change of type only to the tertiary.

Conflict with Richard of Black Iron, Argent, a single horned anvil reversed sable, enflamed proper. The only difference is between fully enflaming the anvil and enflaming it only to chief: a single CD at best.

As nearly as we can tell, in addition to possible problems with the construction of the name it appears to have no given. Gozen is documented by some commenters as a feminine title. We are having to return this for rework and better documenation.

Ashikawa Kameko. Badge. [Fieldless] A turtle sable.

Conflict with Esslinger (Siebmacher plate 51), Or, a turtle sable. There is one CD for the change of fielded to fieldless. We share Lord Trefoil's doubts regarding dismissing conflicts from the Matsuya Piece Goods Store on a "pick and choose" basis. As we have said before regarding some of the names in Withycombe or armory in Fabulous Heraldry, we are unwilling to start making lists of exceptions to standard references. The clear conflict with Esslinger simplifies matters this time; however, unless and until Matsuya can be shown to be unreliable in a manner similar to, say, Loughead, we will continue to use it for conflict checking.

Adrianna Gretchen von Fehmarn. Device. Pean, in bend a teasle sipped and leaved Or and a flax flower slipped and leaved argent.

The use of two different kinds of plants in different orientations and different tinctures is not period style. Prior Laurel precedent has indicated that we should not use two different kinds of charges of the same general type in a single charge group.

Submitted as a fawn, prior Laurel precident has noted that we do not register baby animals (LoAR August 88 p. 22). The deer is in an heraldically unusual position: that, combined with the three dimensionality of the charge as drawn, pushes it beyond the informal Rule of Two Wierdnesses.

Conflict with Malcolm mac Ruairidh of Blackoak, Argent, a raven striking to sinister gules. There is one CD for the semy. In this position the only difference between a hawk and a raven is the nearly invisible curve of the bill.

There are no examples of compound names beginning with Dana- that any of the commenters could find. Dana is found as an uncompounded name, but we need better evidence of its use in compounds before we can register it this way.

The Welsh experts in the College find this dithematic name to be highly unlikely. Even were it a likely combination, it would most likely be Prytddwyn. Additionally, it remains too close in appearance to the name of King Arthur's boat, which has previously been disallowed.

Aziza al-Ghazaala. Name.

Returned for a lack of submission form. (Sorry, this was not caught when the Laurel packet was processed. Mea culpa.)

Conflict with Teamhair nic Uilliam, Per bend sinister sable and gules, a gerfalcon striking, wings elevated and addorsed, argent, maintaining in its talons a fireball all within a border engrailed Or. There is a CD for changing the type of peripheral charge, but nothing for the posture of the primary or the maintained charges.

Conflict with Daniel of Glenmore, Per pale argent and azure, a pine tree counterchanged. While there is clearly a CD for the difference between types of trees, X.2 does not apply between trees. That X.2 should not apply between blasted and regular trees should be even more apparent given that in period many trees were drawn with empty branches each terminating in a single oversized leaf, rather than the "cotton candy" form of leafy foliage we see more commonly today.

Conflict with US 17th Infantry Regiment (Military Ordinary, No. 194) A lion marinee erect Or, grasping in its dexter paw two arrows sable armed and flighted gules, and with the US 31st Infantry Regiment (Military Ordinary, No. 192) Azure, a lion marinee Or, maintaining in both forepaws a rifle with fixed bayonet palewise proper. In each case there is only one CD for fieldlessness, and nothing for the held charges.

This was registered in June of 1990, just before the changover of office. Apparently the forms were not filed and their current location is unknown. If Lord Vesper would make copies of the forms in Einhard's file for Laurel, we will be more than happy to process this correction.

No documentation was provided to demonstrate that "Revenge-Smith" follows period name practices for the period or that it makes or would have made sense to the Anglo-Saxons. This sort of "mix and match" combining of words (rather than name elements) needs support before we can register it.

Conflict with Brens (Papworth, p. 52), Barry of six argent, gules and azure. There is one CD for the change to field division, but there are no changes to tincture, line of partition (they are all straight), or treatment. There were some feelings that the per pale division gave the appearance of marshaled arms, a position with which Lord Laurel is somewhat sympathetic. There was also some feeling that this submission looked less like armory than like a quilt, a position with which Lord Laurel is also sympathetic.

Conflict with Barony of the Isles. Of the Blue Mists is a single adjectival phrase modifing the noun Isle. Adding a collection of adjective after a noun is no different than adding a collection of adjectives before a noun for purposes of RFS V.2. [Arguendo, if the noun is Mists, then Isle of the Blue is the adjectival phrase and the name conflicts with the Principality of the Mists. I don't really believe this argument, but either way we have a conflict.]

No documentation at all was submitted to demonstrate that Willowspoon makes sense as an occupational byname or that it is formed in a period manner or follows period name construction practices, as required by RfS II.3.

Conflict with Dunstan of Lewisham, Quarterly azure and argent, a dragon's head cabossed Or. While there is a CD for type of primary charge, X.2 does not apply here.

The byname does not appear to be very plausible, even in German. Without documentation of a pattern of similarly formed epithets in German, we cannot register this. Additionally, the byname does not appear to be correctly formed here. A much more likely formation would seem to be Heulwolf. The skull is not sufficiently identifiable in this position, Most skulls, like most heads, are shown in profile for greater identifiability.

The name was registered on the July 1991 LoAR. The device is counterchanged within an inch of its life. Though of only two tinctures, the entire device is broken up into 19 pieces (the bordure into ten, the field into four, the cross into two and the lion and sword into three). And much of this counterchanging is across a complex line of division. The overall effect is simply to much.

Conflict with Madog ap Llywelyn, who led a temporarily successful tax revolt in 1294 and styled himself as Prince of Wales.

Conflict with Colling (Papworth, p. 1122), Azure, two wings displayed Or. As this proposal could just as easily and probably more accurately be blazoned as "Azure, a vol Or, overall a mountain argent", there is one CD for the addition of the mount.

There are a couple of problems with this proposal. First, for some time now the College has been drawing closer and closer to mundane armorial practices of only allowing ordinaries to be fimbriated. Second, fimbriating a crescent which is counterchanged of the (low contrast) field across the line of division becomes confusing visually, which the non-standard (though acceptable) orientation of the crescent only exacerbates. This proposal is, as Lord Dragon noted, "basically thin line heraldry with some confusing counterchanging going on in the background".

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