The question was raised whether the name is presumptuous, since Cäsarea is derived from Caesar , a standard translation for 'Emperor'. However, it is not a title in its own right; furthermore, Zwickau is neither an empire nor a capital city.

His old name is released.

Submitted as Sofia Augusta di Livorno , we have changed the preposition. Until someone provides evidence to the contrary, we are working under the assumption that Italian locative bynames use the preposition da .

While this design is about as far from period practice as you can get, legally it, nonetheless, does not violate any of the Rules for Submission. By precedent (January 1990 LoAR, pg. 12, s.n. Edward Ashwell of the Crossbow), placing charges directly on overall charges does not violate RfS VIII.1.c, Armorial depth.

Nice armory!

Submitted in the LoI as Aelfwyn Webbestre , we have returned the spelling of the given name to that used on the submission forms.

In the commentary, the issue was raised that Falieri was the plural form. However, other surnames listed in the same passage in documentation are, in fact, forms that were used by individuals. We have therefore concluded that Falieri is one of the Italian surnames that exist in plural form and registered the name as submitted.

Please inform the submitter that period apples are round at the base. Also, please ask her to draw a thicker bordure.

Nice armory! Her current device, Purpure, a lioness sejant guardant and on a bordure argent a vine of English ivy vert , is released.

Please ask the submitter to draw both of the horse's legs above the line of division.

Submitted under the name Elisabeth de Calais .

Please ask the submitter to draw the vair on the bordure so that the bells of the vair are upright (or with a slight tilt to follow the line of division). This would rotate the bells on the sides 90 degrees.

This does not conflict with Libya, Vert , by rule X.1, Addition of Primary Charges. Strewn charges are primary if there are no other charges. This has been true for a number of years; for example, see the September 1992 LoAR, pp. 39-40, s.n. Jon of the Mists. Please instruct the submitter to draw more and larger sparks.

His current device, Vert estencely, a flame Or , becomes a badge.

Submitted as Ivie Rathbourn , we were unable to document Ivie as a period given name. We have therefore changed it to Ive . The submitter should know that this is a male name.

Her old name is released.

Submitted as Kovac Myklos , we were unable to document that particular spelling of the byname. We have therefore changed it to a common period form.

Submitted as Michael Silverhands , the period examples we found for this kind of byname were all in singular.

Submitted as M ì chél mac Donnchaid , we have changed the direction of the first accent in the given name.

As Brachet put it, the byname is in the class, which while unlikely in history, is functionally similar to many earlier period bynames.

Nice armory!

Nice badge!

The submitter asked for an authentic 14th century Welsh name. However, the given name is not found Wales, so we cannot make the name authentic. The submitted name is registerable, though.

While we have no examples of a torse of more than two tinctures as a heraldic charge, all the commentary agrees that such objects were known in period. The rules explicitly allow items known in period to be used as charges, and we also use charges that were only found in crests in period. Since there is good contrast between two of the three divisions of the torse, it does not violate the rules of tincture.

Inverting a compass rose is registerable, but a weirdness.

Please inform the submitter to draw the chevron line so that the lower edges start about a third of the way from the bottom of the shield (without lowering the top point of the chevron). His current device, Quarterly azure and sable, a cross couped between in bend sinister a mask of comedy and a mask of tragedy argent , is released.

Submitted as Barbara Anna de Aquitaine , the name was changed in Kingdom to Barbara Anna de Aquita nia ; we have returned the byname to a French form. While the submitter requested a period form, we hesitate to drop one of the given names, which we would have to do to make this a period name.

Her old name is released.

This is clear of Isabeau Celeste de la Valliere Per pale gules and sable, a lion rampant within an orle Or . There is a CD for removal of secondary charge and a second for the addition of the tertiary charge. The hammer is clearly of an appropriate size for a tertiary charge.

His current arms, Per pale gules and sable, on a bezant a hammer sable are retained as a badge.

The submitter requested an authentic Irish female name. While we were able to register the name, she should be aware that the name is neither authentically Irish nor female. Since none of these name elements are even anglicised Irish, it is not possible for us to offer any easy suggestions.

Submitted as Alt Andreas von Sohren , examples in Socin suggest that the epithet should be lowercase.

This is clear of Katerina Drachenklaue, Barry wavy azure and argent, a dragonfly vert and Maol Anna de Chassant, Per fess sable and gules, a dragonfly Or . After examining the emblazon, it is clear that Ann's dragonfly is half vert and half Or, thereby giving it one CD for fieldlessness and one CD for change to half the tincture in each case.

Her old name is released.

Please ask the submitter to draw the chevron considerably steeper.

Submitted under the name Zefiryna Mikhailovna , the name change was returned in March, 2000, for lack of forms.

Submitted as Lothar der Hämisch , we have added an e to the byname to make it grammatically correct.

Submitted under the name Raphael of Tempo

His old name is released.

Submitted as Wolferam der Karmesín , Mackensen, "Deutsches Wörterbuch", has Karmesin 'roter Farbstoff' and Karmin 'Karmesin'. The article is better dropped, especially since Karmesin is a neuter word. German doesn't have accents so we have dropped the one from Karmesin.

Submitted as Kirra de Barre , the submitter requested an 14th century Irish name. However, the de form of the byname seems to have disappeared by that time; consequently we have changed both the given name and the byname to documented 14th century forms.

Submitted as Connall Ruadh O' Ceallaigh , we have changed O' to Ó to match Gaelic practice.

Please ask the submitter to draw fewer and larger indentations in the line of division.

Submitted as Grainne Ni Chearbhaill , she requested a 12th to 14th century Irish name, so we have changed the preposition to an appropriate form.

His current device, Per pale argent and sable, a phoenix between three compass stars, all counterchanged , is retained as a badge.

Submitted as Roibeard Mór de Barre , the submitter requested a 14th century Irish name. However, the de form of the byname seems to have disappeared by that time; consequently we have changed the given name and the bynames to documented 14th century forms.

Submitted as Ronan Craeg of Rams Mountain , the name was changed in Kingdom to Ronan of Ramsmountain . While the change in the locative was necessary to make it compatible with period practice, dropping the surname was not necessary. We have, therefore, put it back in a documentable form.

Submitted as Shauni de Barre , the submitter requested an 14th century Irish name. However, the de form of the byname seems to have disappeared by that time; consequently we have changed the given name and the bynames to documented 14th century forms.

This is clear of the badge for Elizabeth Winter of White Forest, Azure, a double-towered castle argent and in chief three mullets of eight points in chevron argent . By precedent, there is a CD between a mullet of five points and a mullet of eight points, so there is CD for type of the secondaries plus a CD for the changes to the field.

Submitted as Sabine de Bourbonnais , the area is usually referred to with the article, as Le Bourbonnais . We have accordingly changed the article in the locative to match this practice.

Submitted as Eveline Guillemot , the client requested an authentic 13th–14th century French name. Colm Dubh's Index to the Paris Census of 1292 lists Aveline fame Raoul le pavéeur and Guillemot Sarre [un] fuis ; we have modified the given name accordingly.

Please instruct the submitter to draw the distinguishing features of the cross larger.

Submitted as Derdriu ingen Murcada , it was noted in commentary that Ó Corrain and Maguire indicate that Derdriu is mythological. However, Black, sub Deirdre , has Derdere, wife of Cospatric Earl in 1166; this leads us to believe that the name is registerable. We have lenited the patronymic, though, to match documentation and to make it grammatically correct.

Submitted as Francesca di Simoneti , the byname doesn't match the supplied documentation, which would justify either a patronymic di Simoneto or a surname Simoneti . Since the former is closer to the submitted form, we have registered that.

Submitted as Freydís Sigurðardóttir in tryggva , we have switched the elements to the correct order: given name + descriptive byname + patronymic byname.

Submitted as Gerlinda Uda Agast , the name had two moderately serious problems. First, there was a five-century gap between the documented dates for the given names and the byname; second, we have found no evidence that double given names were used in Dutch-speaking regions in our period. Neither of these problems would in itself be grounds for return, but the combination is unacceptable, as it would take the name two steps away from period practice. We have therefore dropped the second given name.

The name was changed in Kingdom to Grifon L'Estrange , as this French form of the byname is found in Dauzat. However, Reaney and Wilson mention Fulco Strange in 1221, so we were able to change the byname back to an English form. Since he did not request an authentic form, we can register the name as originally submitted; however, Grifon Strange would be a much more likely period form.

He has permission to conflict with John Blacas .

The submitter requested an authentic 13th–15th century name. This would have led us to change the byname to Goldford to match period examples such as Goldbrook or Goldhill ; as she does not allow us to make any changes we cannot do this.

The rapiers should be larger.

Submitted in the LoI as Morwenna ate Whiteoke , we have corrected the typo in the preposition to match known practice and the submission form.

His old name is released.

Nice cant!

Please instruct the group to draw the chevron inverted with a steeper angle.

Their current device, Argent fretty gules, a laurel wreath and issuant from base a demi-sun Or , is released.

This did not need to be placed on a letter of intent; a note to Laurel is sufficient. We only included it here because it was placed on a letter of intent.

Her current primary name, Katrine Vanora of Maidstone , becomes her alternate persona name; and her alternate persona name, Coemri nEithne , becomes her primary name.

As the LoI pointed out, Esther is found in Withycombe. However, the LoI failed to note what she actually writes about the name, which is "It is not found in use in England until the 17th C." Under the policy set in the April LoAR cover letter, this name would have been returned.

The new policy is not in effect yet, though, and Esther would appear to be constructed in a period manner — it is a Biblical name, and Biblical names were used in England. We can therefore register the name.

Submitted as Mædshire , the name changed languages (from Old English to English) within a single word. We have made the name entirely Old English.

According to Metron Ariston, Karatas is nowadays a moderately common Turkish surname of locative origin, and the area was inhabited since the Bronze Age. As the element is Turkish, it is not feminised in the same manner as Byzantine bynames.

Susan is the wife of Paul of Bellatrix; therefore, the byname is grandfathered to her.

The name, meaning 'Fortress of the Golden Warriors,' isn't very plausible as a period Scots or Irish place name. Metron Ariston notes that the vast majority of place names beginning in Dun seem to be descriptive in nature, referring to a salient feature of the fort (e.g., its color or location). In a lesser number of cases, the Dun is combined with the name of an individual associated with the fort in history or legend. Relatively rare are names like Dumbarton deriving from groups of people (in this case from Dun Breatuin or Fort of the Britains) and even there we could not find any that do not use a proper noun.

The laurel wreath was incorrectly blazoned as Or on the letter of intent, but as groups cannot use holding names, the device cannot be pended but must be returned.

Conflict with Karl von Schattenburg, A seeblatt Or . There is a CD for the fieldlessness, but by current precedent none for the change in type of the charges. There are period arms that are blazoned both as having hearts and as having seeblatter (see the May 1993 LoAR pg. 17., s.n. Caitlin Davies, for the full discussion).

As noted before, Hanks and Hodges is a particularly poor source for period names. According to Metron Ariston, Aeron appears in some sources as the name of a Welsh battle goddess and it is certainly the name of a river in Wales; however, no one has been able to find it as a given name for a human in period. Furthermore, the construction of Clan X has been disallowed since June 1998. As the submitter does not allow major changes we have to return this.

The primary charge is a misdrawn mantyger. A mantyger has a human head, while this is a lion's head with a human face. Therefore, it conflicts with Belgium, Sable, a lion rampant Or , and various others of the form <Field>, a lion rampant Or .

Conflict with Alyanora of Vinca, Argent a periwinkle (vinca minor) proper . Periwinkles are bluish purple and by current precedent (see the September 1996 LoAR, pg. 17, s.n. Rosalyn MacGregor) they are not significantly different from either blue or purple roses.

No documentation was provided as to why this would be a period inn name construction.

Conflict with a badge for Anthony the Sinister, On a mullet of ten points argent a pheon sable , Fine of Clare, Per pale azure and gules, on a sun argent an estoile of eight rays sable , and Thomas von Leipzig, Quarterly sable and gules, on a sun argent a two headed eagle sable, a label argent . In the first two cases, there is only one CD for the changes to the field. In the third, there is a CD for the addition of the label. In none of these cases is there a CD for the changes to the tertiary charges or a CD for the type of the primary charge.

This is a nice name. Unfortunately, it also conflicts with Elisée de Calais , registered in December 1998. Section V.1.a.i of the Rules for Submissions says that a given name is not significantly different from any of its diminutives, and, while Elisée is not in a strict ethymological sense a diminutive of Elisabeth , it is often used as one.

Her device was registered under the holding name Elisabeth of Northkeep .

Conflict with the badge for Sabia Gunnhild Hunang, Gules, a reindeer statant regardant within an annulet argent . There is no difference between a reindeer and a stag, so there is only one CD for removing the annulet.

This conflicts with Meadhbh ni Dhomhnaill , registered in April 1996. Both given names and patronymics differ only in the period of the orthography, and no difference is given from the change from ni to ingen .

The position of the head of the swan is unblazonable. It is not reguardant, as that would be turned backwards, not down and under.

The jester's bauble is primarily bendy of two colors, which violates RfS VIII.2.a.

A number of commenters also felt it was in conflict with Einar of Ironhold, Sable, on a pale Or, between two swords inverted hilted Or and bladed argent, a staff sable . There is a CD for the field, so the question was whether there was a significant difference between a staff and a jester's bauble to give a second CD for change of type and tincture of the tertiary charges. Normally I am inclined to give a CD between a jester's bauble and a plain staff, barring evidence that they were not independent charges in period. However, it should be noted that Sebastiana's jester's bauble was drawn so that the staff part was unusually prominent. Any resubmission should make the head of the bauble more prominent relative to staff.

Conflict with Eleanor Leonard, (Tinctureless) A mullet of four points distilling a goutte. . Although the LoI indicated that the submitter had permission to conflict, such a letter was not included with the submission.

It is also in conflict with the Chronicler's badge for the Kingdom of Ansteorra, A mullet of five greater and five lesser points distilling goutes . As with the mullet of four vs. a compass star (see the June 1995 LoAR, pg. 23), the lesser points of the mullet have very little visual impact, and as mullets of greater and lesser points are not known in period, the visual difference counts. This reaffirms the precedent set in July 1990 (pg. 13).

The submitter stated he is interested in having the byname mean 'of Time'. As we were unable to document a byname with the desired meaning, we are returning this to give the submitter the opportunity to reconsider.

His armory has been registered under the holding name Rafael of Calafia .

No evidence was submitted that this is a period type of order name.

The name conflicts with Brian de Barri , registered in January 1998.

The lightning flash has been a disallowed change since August 1983 barring any evidence that such a depiction was used in period. We currently allow a lightning bolt . This is a thin line with arrows at both ends, with a square zigzag pattern (like the edge of an embattled ordinary.) However, even the lightning bolt was not found in period except as part of a thunderbolt , a more complex charged used in classical Roman insignia. We recommend that the submitter use a thunderbolt.

Additionally, we know of no examples of cotising where only one side of the cotises have a special line of division. We recommend that if the submitter wants cotises, he should use either plain cotises or one of the forms found in period; for example, the Pictorial Dictionary notes that a bend plain cotised dancetty was found c. 1422.

Conflict with Aelesia Emelyne Couchur, Azure, a chevron embattled argent . There is a CD for the addition of the secondaries, but nothing for the difference between a chevron embattled and a chevron raguly on the upper edge nor for the difference between a chevron and a chevron throughout .

The device violates RfS VIII.1.c.ii, "Layer Limit - Designs may not be excessively layered. All charges should be placed either directly on the field or entirely on other charges that lie on the field." The submitter attempted to fix the layering problem by blazoning the device Or, a fess of three fusils azure, each charged with a bee Or, a chief and a base azure . While it is possible to avoid a style problem by reblazoning, that only holds if the alternate blazon is equally valid. The relative sizes of the three portions of the field, the rarity of period examples combining chiefs and plain bases, and the space between the lozenges and the the sides of the shield make the alternate blazon highly unlikely and thus not a valid blazon.

The name was on the Lochac LoI dated January 1, 2000; however, no one in the College of Arms received that letter. Therefore, this is returned for lack of a given name.

No forms were submitted for the device.

This was withdrawn by Rouge Scarpe because the ravens were not drawn as indicated on the Pennsic worksheet (which requested Or, a chevron between three ravens sable ); a correctly drawn submission will be submitted instead.

This was withdrawn by Rouge Scarpe for redrawing as the Pennsic forms showed gouttes but the final forms had flames.

This submission is identical to his previous submission, so it still conflicts with Morgan Bloodaxe, Azure, a triangle of three battleaxes fretted Or . There is a CD for arrangement, but none for changing the type or tincture of less than half of the members of the primary charge group.

This is withdrawn by Rouge Scarpe for redrawing because although the forms shows two cats sejant respectant , the Pennsic worksheet and blazon was for two cats couchant respectant .

A complex overall charge must not share the same tincture as the ordinary it is surmounting. In this case, the submitters had to make the bend sinister very narrow to make the skull visible at all.

The chaussé line of division, along with chapé and vetu , are different from other lines of divisions in that the outer portions never contained charges in period. Thus we can also not allow charges that overlap the outer portions.

Please instruct the submitter to draw a correct rampant posture.

The line of division is grandfathered to the submitter, however the badge still conflicts with the badge for the Chronicler of Ansteorra, A mullet of five greater and five lesser points distilling gouttes. There is a CD for fieldlessness but nothing for tincture nor for the difference between a sun a a mullet of five greater and five lesser points.

This conflicts with Laura Aleyn , registered in July 1991.

This item had serious problems in the LoI, to wit, the documentation for the name was not adequately summarized. It is therefore pended to the October 2000 Pelican meeting.

The blazon in the LoI had the head and the chief vert as well.