THE FOLLOWING ITEMS HAVE BEEN REGISTERED:

ANSTEORRA

Borek Vitalievich Volkov. Badge. (Fieldless) A Russian Orthodox cross reversed Or.

This is clear of Cáemell NicEntaggart: Per bend sinister azure and Or maily azure, a cross of Lorraine Or. There is one CD for changes to the field. After consideration we have decided that there is a significant difference between a cross of Lorraine and a (Russian) Orthodox cross. The angled lower crossbar is a major defining characteristic of the Orthodox cross, and as such is just significant enough.

The cross was not blazoned as reversed on the Letter of Intent, but the default "Orthodox" crosses all have the bottom crossbar bendwise sinister by default, and this one is the opposite.

Jean Claude Clisson. Name.

Kaitlyn MacKenna. Badge. (Fieldless) A hand mirror Or. Robert of Galloway. Name.

Skorragarðr, Canton of. Branch name.

Submitted as Skarrgarðr, Canton of, the protheme Skarr- is unattested in Old Norse placenames. The similar sounding protheme Skorr-, meaning "rift" is found in the Landnamabok in the placenames Skorradalr and Skorraholt. Therefore, we have changed the name to Skorragarðr in order to register it.

Wyndhame, Shire of. Release of device. Per pale embattled gules and Or, in dexter chief a laurel wreath Or.

ATENVELDT

André du Corbeau. Reblazon of device. Argent, a raven rising wings displayed sable, on a chief gules three pairs of arrows inverted in saltire argent.

This was originally registered April 1983 under the blazon Argent, a raven rising sable, on a chief gules three pairs of arrows inverted in saltire argent. It surfaced as part of a conflict check for another submission on this LoAR. Birds rising must, by current SCA standards, have their wing position blazoned explicitly. A visual check of this armory showed the wings to be displayed; in the interests of clarity and in keeping with current standards, we are changing the blazon to include it.

Aonghus Marchand. Name and device. Per bend Or and vert, an eagle striking and a roundel counterchanged.

Submitted as Aonghus Mercator, this name is an aural conflict with Aonghus Macadair, registered May 1994. We have changed the byname to Marchand, a form of Mercator with a different sound. Marchand is dated to 1298 in Black, Surnames of Scotland, s.n. Merchant.

Aonghus Marchand. Badge. (Fieldless) In fess a scimitar sustained by a sinister wing ending in a talon Or.

Nice armory!

Archibald MacPherson of Argyll. Name and device. Per bend sinister azure and sable, a caravel Or and three skeletons argent.

Avelyn of Oakgrove. Name.

Submitted as Avelyn of the Oak Grove, no examples were found of placenames or locatives with either the prothemes Oak-/Oke-/Oken- and the deuterotheme -grove with a space between protheme and deuterotheme. In addition, the form of this name is a locative rather than a generic topographic; in this case the article the is not used. We have changed the name to Avelyn of Oakgrove to match period English naming practice.

Columba de Palomares. Name.

Cuilén Gordon of Tir Ysgithr. Device. Argent, a pall dancetty gules.

The pall was blazoned as indented on the Letter of Intent, but the proper description is dancetty when the zigzagged edges run parallel to each other. Indented ordinaries closely resemble lines of overlapping lozenges.

Freydis in kyrra Alfarinsdottir. Name.

Listed on the LoI as Freydis inn kyrra Alfarinsdottir, the original form has Freydis in kyrri Alfarinsdottir. The fully feminine form of the adjectival byname is in kyrra. We have made this correction.

Friedrick Schmitt. Name and badge. (fieldless) Three bones interlaced in triangle inverted argent.

Maximilian Chance. Name and device. Sable, two mermaids respectant, tails crossed, maintaining between them two rapiers crossed in saltire, in chief five mullets Or.

Muriel of Carlyle. Name and device. Or, a winged serpent erect vert and a base rayonny gules.

Stefania Krakowska and Rathfled du Noir. Joint badge. (Fieldless) A triskelion of arms proper vested papellony sable and argent, each hand maintaining a wooden recorder proper.

Vallaulfr Rurikson. Name and device. Azure, two scarpes between two wolves passant argent.

Submitted as Vallawulf Rurikson, the given name is intended as an Old Norse construction. However, as the letter w is not used in transcriptions of Old Norse, this name is not consistent with Old Norse spellings. Geirr Bassi, The Old Norse Name has the prepended byname Valla- and the given name Ulfr. We have, therefore, changed the given name to Vallaulfr in order to register it.

Rurik is the usual English spelling for the name of the 9th C Vartangian warrior who founded the dynasty of the Rus. Therefore, this name mixes Old Norse and English, which is one step from period practice.

Vincenza di Leonardo. Name and device. Per bend enarched azure and ermine, a talbot's head erased argent and two roses azure.

ATLANTIA

Gustav von Silberwald. Device. Per bend vert and azure, in bend sinister two horse's heads couped and addorsed argent.

This is clear of Lora Greymare: Per pale sable and vert, two horse's heads couped and addorsed argent. There is one CD for changes to the field, and another for arrangement of the horse's heads. The two horse's heads in Lora's armory are in fess; the two horse's heads in this submission are in bend sinister, and in neither case is the arrangement forced by the field, because both fields are all color. Black Stag points out that the two horse's heads addorsed could legitimately be placed in fess on this per bend field. Therefore, RfS X.4.g allows a second CD.

Gwenllian Bengrych ferch Rhys. Device. Or, three harpies displayed gules, winged and tailed sable.

Please advise the submitter to draw the harpies with more separation between the wings, body, legs and tail.

Isabella Barozzi. Name and device. Gules, a saltire moline disjoint argent within a bordure Or.

Jonas the Bald. Name.

Joscelin d'Outremer. Name.

Maria Caterina di Boni. Device. Purpure, a sea-cat and in canton a decrescent argent, a ford proper.

Please advise the submitter to draw the sea-cat considerably larger.

María González de la Magdalena. Name.

Storvik, Barony of. Badge. Azure, in chief a label dovetailed ermine.

Please advise the submitter to draw the label a bit bigger and to make the ermine spots more distinct.

Susane d'Anjou. Name.

CAID

Ælina Vestrlönd. Name and device. Argent, a tree blasted couped within and conjoined to an annulet, all between four roundels in cross purpure.

Submitted as Ælina Vestr-lönd, the submitter requested a name authentic for Saami Swedish/Finnish and accepted minor changes only. The byname Vestr-lönd was documented from A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic by Geir T. Zoëga; changing the language to Swedish or Finnish to fulfill her request for authenticity would be a major change, which she will not allow. We note that this dictionary inserts hypens into compound locatives to better show the structure. The correct documentary form of the byname, in this case, is Vestrlönd; we have made this change.

Ainbhthine inghean Bheoaodha. Name and device. Per bend potenty argent and azure, a rose and a dolphin naiant counterchanged.

Submitted as Ainfean inghean Bheoaodh, the spelling Ainfean is a post-period spelling. Precedent states:

The spelling Ainfean is the last form listed in the header for Ainbthen in Ó Corráin & Maguire (p. 19). The spelling shift from "bh" to "f" is typical of the shift from Early Modern Gaelic to Modern Gaelic around 1700. Therefore, as we have no evidence that Ainfean is a period spelling, we have changed the given name to a period form. [Ainbthen inghean Dubhghaill, 11/01, A-Meridies]

Ó Corráin and Maguire, s.n. Ainbthen, show Ainbthine as the Early Modern Gaelic form of this name. In addition, Gaelic grammar requires that the patronymic appear in the genitive case; as submitted it is in the nominative case. We have changed the name to Ainbthine inghean Bheoaodha in order to register it and to correct the grammar.

Please advise the submitter to draw both charges larger to better fill the space.

Allan Blackharp. Badge (see RETURNS for household name). Per pale sable and Or, a harp and an unstrung harp reversed counterchanged.

The lack of strings on only one of the harps is a weirdness but registerable. The motif barely does not fall afoul of the "sword and dagger" rule.

Alys Tyrrell. Device. Azure, on a chevron argent four musical notes azure and in base a sea lion argent.

The musical note drawn here is an ovoid with a vertical stem rising from the sinister end. While this is a typical SCA form as described in the Pictorial Dictionary, further research has not been able to show this form of musical note as a period musical note. It continues to be registerable, but submitters should be advised that the standard form of such a note would have been a lozenge with a stem rising from its top point. To quote from previous precedent:

According to the PicDic, 2nd ed., # 520, "A musical note is ... commonly represented as a lozenge or an ovoid roundel with a vertical stem at one end." The 'musical note' here is not a period form, but a modern (post-period) one. This one neither matches the semiminim note in the Pictorial Dictionary (a lozenge shape with a vertical line from the sinister corner; this version has been superseded by newer research) nor the form the newer research has shown (a lozenge shape with a vertical line from the top corner). (LoAR 3/98 p. 16)

For those interested in the "newer research" mentioned in this LoAR, the documentation for that submission's form of musical note was from Willi Apel's The Notation of Polyphonic Music 900-1600, fifth edition. The analysis indicating that the current standard form of SCA musical note is not found in period musical notation was provided by Magister Klement St. Christoph. [Alicia of Granite Mountain, 01/02, A-Atenveldt]

Anne de Guise. Name.

Ariadne de Glevo. Name and device. Argent, a single-headed chess knight and on a chief sable a tilting lance reversed argent.

Submitted as Ariadne de Glevum, the grammar of the byname is incorrect. Metron Ariston explains, "Since she is using a Latin locative form, the grammar of the phrase should be Latin as well. Since the preposition de is followed by the ablative, the name should be Ariadne de Glevo." We have made this change to fix the grammar.

Avery del Marre. Badge. Argent, an increscent between eight triangles in annulo points outward sable.

Brian Mor O'Brian. Badge. (Fieldless) An oak leaf ermine.

Caid, Kingdom of. Transfer of heraldic title Chevron Herald to Hrorek Halfdane of Faulconwood.

Caid, Kingdom of. Transfer of heraldic title Furison Pursuivant to James of the Lake.

Caitríona of Lindisfarne. Name.

This name combines Gaelic and English in a single name; this is one step beyond period practice.

Cassandre Nicole Loustaunau. Badge. (Fieldless) A rustre azure.

Colwyn Stagghorn. Name and device. Quarterly sable and azure, on a chevron Or three stags heads erased contourny sable.

Douglas rauðskegg. Name change from Esteban el Rojo.

Listed on the LoI as Douglas rauðakegg, a correction was issued showing the byname as rauðskegg. As this is the correct form of the byname, we have made this correction. Douglas is the submitter's legal given name.

His old name, Esteban el Rojo, is retained as an alternate name.

Duncan Falconer. Name.

Nice name!

Gaukr mjöksiglandi. Device. Per bend gules and Or, a bird and a longship oars shipped counterchanged.

Grimr inn harfagri. Name.

Hrorek Halfdane of Faulconwood. Acceptance of transfer of heraldic title Chevron Herald from Caid, Kingdom of.

Irmgard von Einbeck. Device. Argent chapé ployé sable, three seeblätter azure.

James of the Lake. Acceptance of transfer of heraldic title Furison Herald from Caid, Kingdom of.

Kay Adde. Name.

Lonán ua Conaill. Device change. Per bend sinister embowed to base argent and azure, in chief a raven rising wings elevated and addorsed sable.

His previously registered device, Per pale argent and azure, three triquetras counterchanged, to be retained as a badge.

Margeret Kerne. Name.

Mayken de Houtman. Name and device. Argent, a fess nebuly azure and in chief a raven displayed sable.

Mercy of the Hands. Name.

Mercy is the submitter's legal given name.

The submitted documentation, Reaney and Wilson, A Dictionary of English Surnames, shows a Johannes cum manu dated to 1200. The byname translates to "of/with (the) hand." In addition, there is an English byname Handes. Given these citations, this byname is registerable.

Miros{l/}awa z Gosprzydowy. Name.

Submitted as Miros{l/}awa z Gosprzydowa, Nebuly notes:

Although locative bynames formed using the preposition z do appear in period Polish, the construction is far more typical of Czech. Poles used the suffix -ski/-ska far more frequently...

The biggest headache with using the explicit locative form is that the object of the preposition z must be put into the genitive, which is never easy in Polish. The genitive ending depends not only on the gender of the object (masculine, feminine, or neuter) which cannot always be determined by its ending (some masculine nouns and in -a), but also depends upon the ultimate etymological derivation of the noun, its current function, the value (hard or soft) of the final consonant and which vowels happen to follow, and whether the noun is inherently "alive" or inherently "plural". My best guess in this case is that the genitive of Gosprzydowa is Gosprzydowy.

We have changed the name to Miros{l/}awa z Gosprzydowy in order to correct the grammar. We note that Miros{l/}awa Gosprzydowska is a much more usual form of this name; however, it is a bigger change and the submitter did not request authenticity.

Sárnat ingen mhic Caille. Device. Vert, in fess a heart between and sustained by a pair of hands fesswise aversant Or.

Sorcha inghean mhic an Ghabhann. Device. Argent, on a hurst of pine trees vert a cat sejant guardant argent marked sable.

Su of the Silver Horn. Badge and blanket permission to conflict with badge. (Fieldless) A drinking horn palewise argent enfiling a pearled coronet Or.

According to the instructions provided by the submitter, permission to conflict is granted as long as the other submission is not identical to this badge and uses a different type of coronet.

Valeriana Wascedale. Name.

William de Grey. Badge. (Fieldless) A natural sea turtle per pale Or and vert.

William Wisehart. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Wisehart is the submitter's legal surname.

Willim Du. Name.

This does not conflict with William the True, registered July 1999. The bynames have different meanings, the names a significantly different in appearance, and there is a distinct difference between the the sound of a leading "d" and a leading "tr."

CALONTIR

Ainmere ua Glaiss. Name and device. Argent, on a fess between two boars statant vert, a boar statant argent.

Submitted as Ainmere ó Glass, the submitter requested authenticity for Irish. Both names are documented as Early Irish; therefore, the appropriate patronymic particle is ua. In addition, Gaelic grammar requires that the patroymic be in the genitive case. Therefore, we have changed the name to Ainmere ua Glaiss to correct the grammar and fulfill the submitter's request for authenticity.

Aleanore of Conwy. Name and device. Argent semy of triple-towered castles vert, on a fess purpure a lion passant argent..

Aleksandra Bogdanova. Name and device. Per bend sinister Or and vert, a Russian Orthodox cross and an apothecary jar counterchanged.

The submitter requested authenticity for the 12th C. However, the earliest citation for the given name is the late 14th C. While this is very nice 14th C Russian name, we cannot make it authentic for the 12th C.

Aleksei Nikolai Rusianov. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Submitted as Aleksei Nikolai Rusian, this name contains three given names and no bynames. RfS III.2.a says "A personal name must contain a given name and at least one byname." Therefore, we have changed the third given name to the patronymic form, giving Aleksei Nikolai Rusianov.

As registered, the name contains two Christian given names. The use of two Christian names in a Russian name is a one step from period practice:

The submitter requested authenticity for 14th-15th C Russia and allowed any changes. Both Anton and Ivan are Christian names. Having two Christian names in a Russian name was ruled a weirdness in the June 1997 LoAR. An authentic name for this time period would have only a single Christian name. [Anton Ivan Stanislavich, 02/02, A-Æthelmearc]

If the submitter is interested in an authentic Russian name, we suggest Aleksei Rusiian Nikolaev. Rusiian is a name of Slavic origin, and we have examples of double given names in Russian combining a Christian given name and a Russian or Slavic given name.

Amlesmore, Shire of. Branch name and device. Quarterly gules and Or, a spear-head within a laurel wreath counterchanged.

Submitted as Amleth Moor, the name combined Danish and English in a single name phrase in violation of RfS 3.1.a Linguistic Consistency. In addition, while there is evidence of the use of Old Norse names and words in English placenames, no documentation was submitted and none found for the use of medieval Danish in English placenames. There is a similar sounding element found in English placenames: Mills, A Dictionary of British Place-Names s.n. Ambleston has Amleston in 1230. Amlesmore is a similar sounding name to the one submitted. Although the form said that the submitter would not accept changes, we received a letter, via Gold Falcon, signed by the branch senechal and herald allowing changes and stating a preference for the name Amlesmore. We have made this change in order to register the name

Ana de Granada. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Briana Etain MacKorkhill. Alternate name Pleneria Paradiso.

Cillíne Ó Conaill. Name and device. Azure, on a chevron between three caltrops argent, three wolves' heads erased azure.

Submitted as Kilian Ó Conaill, the anglicization Killian and by extension Kilian were ruled unregisterable in September 2003:

Caitil{i'}n ni Killane. Name (see RETURNS for device). Submitted as Caitl{i'}n ni Killian, there were some issues with this name. No documentation was provided and none was found to support Killian as a plausible Anglicized Irish form in period. Woulfe (s.n. {O'} Cille{a'}in) dates the Anglicized Irish form O Killane to temp. Elizabeth I-James I. Woulfe (s.n. {O'} Cill{i'}n also dates the Anglicized Irish forms O Killine and O Killen to the same time period. Based on these examples, registerable forms of this byname would include ni Killane, ni Killine, and ni Killen. As the first of these forms is closest to the submitted ni Killian, we have changed the byname to this form in order to register this name. [LoAR 09/2003 Trimaris-A]"

We have changed the given name to Cillíne, the Early Modern Irish form of this name,in order to register it. Cillíne is found in Ó Corrain and Maguire, Irish Names, s.n. Cilléne.

Nice armory!

Constance Lyonnete de Beaumont. Name and device. Gules, two lions rampant regardant addorsed Or, a chief double-enarched ermine.

Deredere Stewart. Device. Azure, on a pale purpure fimbriated between four horseshoes inverted a horse salient contourny argent.

Eyvendill Ósvaldsson. Name.

The submitter requested authenticity for the Danelaw. Although this is a lovely Old Norse name, we do not know whether these elements were found in use in the Danelaw.

Galen MacColmáin. Name and device. Per chevron sable and vert, a chevron between three mullets and a sheaf of arrows inverted argent.

This name combines Scots and Gaelic in a single name; this is one step beyond period practice.

Gardien de Plessier. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Garret of Aston Tor. Name and device. Per chevron vert and Or, two lutes in profile bendwise sinister and a turtle rampant counterchanged.

Helena Gewolf. Name and device. Argent semy of strawberry leaves, on a pale vert, a wolf salient argent.

This is clear of Talia Margherita da Milano: Argent semy of oak leaves, on a pale vert a fleur-de-lys Or. There is one CD for aggregate changes of the tertiary charge. There is another CD for change of type between oak leaves and strawberry leaves.

Hette Arnold. Name (see RETURNS for device).

This name combines German and English in the same name; this is one step beyond period practice.

Isabell Chantal de la Croix. Name and device. Quarterly gules and azure, a Celtic cross between four roses Or.

Katheryne of Crystal Mynes. Holding name and device (see RETURNS for name). Per saltire azure and argent, in pale two Catherine wheels and in fess two Maltese crosses, a bordure counterchanged.

Submitted under the name Katheryne de Montfort.

Mæva Dagsdóttir. Name.

Radu Patrascu. Name.

Rébeca la Chienne. Device. Or, a dog's head couped sable, in chief three pairs of scissors vert.

Rebecca Beaumont. Name and device. Argent, a penguin contourny, on a chief azure three roses argent.

Listed on the LoI as Rebecca Beamont, the forms and documentation showed Rebecca Beaumont. We have changed the name back to the originally submitted form.

Roland Stewart. Device. Per chevron azure and sable, a chevron raguly betressed between three ram's heads caboshed argent.

Ronan Craig of Ramsmountain. Device. Per chevron azure and sable, in base a ram's head couped contourny, a bordure embattled argent.

Saige de Monmouth. Name and device. Or, a trowel between flaunches azure each flank charged with a rose Or.

Siegfried Waffenschmiedt. Name and device. Quarterly gules and azure, in cross four anvils bases to center Or.

Submitted as Siegfried Waffenschiemdt, no documentation was submitted and none found that Schiemdt is a word at all. The modern word for "smith" in German is Schmiedt. We have changed the byname to Waffenschmiedt, the header form in Brechenmacher, Etymologisches Woerterbuch der deutschen Familiennamen .

Svetokhna Nikolaevna doch'. Name and device. Lozengy argent and gules, two bears combatant sable within a bordure Or.

Submitted as Nikolaevna doch' Svetokhna, no documentation was submitted and none found for the patronymic preceeding the given name in Russian naming practices. We have changed the name to Svetokhna Nikolaevna doch' to follow documented Russian naming practices.

Taran z Azov. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Submitted as Taran of Azov, the locative combines Russian and English in a single name phrase. Therefore, we have changed the name to the completely Russian Taran z Azov.

Tatiana Patrascu. Name and device. Azure, a wolf's head erased argent, a bordure embattled argent semy of moons in their plenitude azure.

Waldryk Fierebrache. Name (see RETURNS for device).

This name combines German and English in the same name; this is one step beyond period practice.

Waldryk Fierebrache. Device. Per bend sinister purpure and vert, within six roundels a two-horned anvil Or.

DRACHENWALD

Ætta Jansdatter. Device. Argent, a capital letter I between three cinquefoils gules.

Please advise the submitter to draw the charges larger.

Anna Ketilsdotter. Name.

Elin Hervarardóttir. Name.

Karl Skarpi. Name and device. Gules, a Paschal lamb passant proper between three crosses crosslet Or.

Please advise the submitter to draw the crosses crosslet larger.

Lia de Thornegge. Name.

Liviva fra Roskilde. Name and device. Quarterly gules and Or, four hearts counterchanged.

Nice armory!

Maximilian Alois von Brandenberg. Badge. (Fieldless) A lion rampant sustaining a ragged staff Or.

Maximilian Alois von Brandenberg and Margerite von Buchholtz. Joint badge. (Fieldless) A ragged staff bendwise sinister Or.

Michael die Zauberzunge von Essen. Device change. Sable, a Latin cross gules fimbriated and in fess two cobras erect affronty Or.

His previously registered device, Per chevron sable and vert, on a chevron Or three Latin crosses gules, in base a cobra coiled affronty Or, is retained as a badge.

Nordmark, Principality of. Badge for Ljusorden. (Fieldless) A pillar candle per pale sable and azure, enflamed Or.

Olbiorn Goðe. Name.

Sophia Eriksdotter. Device. Per fess azure and gules all lozengy, an owl affronty argent.

Svante Knutzson. Name.

Svante is the submitter's legal given name.

EAST

Ailill mac Ferchair Uí Diarmata. Name and device. Argent semy of three-spoked wheels, a stag rampant sable and overall a bend gules.

Submitted as Ailill mac Ferchair Uí Diarmait, the second patronymic is in the nominative case rather than the required genitive case. The earliest example of this name used as a patronymic we have found is in The Annals of the Four Masters where we find Diarmait Clereach mac Corbmaic Meic Diarmata. While this name appears in an Early Modern Irish context, the spelling of the given name Diarmait is the same in both Middle Irish and Early Modern Irish. Therefore, Diarmata should be the appropriate genitive spelling for Middle Irish; we have made that change.

Many questions were raised in commentary about the identity of the strewn objects, originally (somewhat redundantly) blazoned on the Letter of Intent as triskeles arrondi within and conjoined to annulets. As drawn the charges were not identifiable as such. Indeed, it is unlikely that any drawing of these objects at the size of strewn charges could render them identifiable as what the LoI's blazon claimed they were. The question was raised whether compound charges were even registerable as strewn objects, as there seems to be no evidence of this pratice in period.

However, everyone at the meeting did agree that they could be identified (even at this size) as three-spoked wheels. The next issue was documenting three-spoked wheels. Various period heraldic sources show wheels with different numbers of spokes as charges. In one source (Raneke) a wheel has as few as three spokes. (Though this emblazon should be approached with extreme caution by any old-fashioned audiophile or "Big Iron" computer geek... put down the drink and swallow first, and the other usual measures.)

Three-spoked wheels are also a period artifact. Lincoln Cathedral in England has a genuine 14th-century mechanical clock, where all of the gear-toothed wheels appear to have four spokes, but all the smooth wheels have only three spokes. (The picture is quite clear.) Therefore we have no qualms at registering the strewn charges as three-spoked wheels.

Anastasia de Arundel. Name and device. Azure, a pegasus segreant argent manacled with broken chains sable within a bordure embattled Or.

Birna rauð. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Submitted as Birna Rauða, the byname is in the strong adjectival form. According to Geirr Bassi, "The strong feminine is endingless, but root a becomes (o,)." In addition, precedent only allows the registration of Old Norse bynames in all lowercase. We have changed the name to Birna rauð to correct the grammar and make it consistent with precedent. If the submitter is interested in a weak adjectival form of the byname, we suggest in rauða.

Christina Elisabeth and Cynyr ab Aneirin. Joint household name Inn of the Blue Gryphon and joint badge. (Fieldless) A gryphon sejant contourny sustaining a spoon palewise azure.

Damian ben Ephraim. Name.

Deykin Crouthur. Name.

Diomedes Sebastianus. Device. Vert, on a mullet of twelve points argent a roundel engrailed vert all within a bordure engrailed Or.

Please advise the submitter to draw the bordure wider, and to draw the roundel engrailed with fewer and more prominent engrailings to the extent that it is feasible.

Doucette de Verdun. Name and device. Ermine, a horse couchant gules within a bordure counter-compony gules and argent.

Eiríkr Úlfgeirsson. Name and device. Quarterly vert and sable, a phoenix argent.

Please advise the submitter to draw the flames with fewer flames shooting out to base; a phoenix's flames should more closely resemble a nest. These were starting to look like a tail...

Eldrich Gaiman. Device change. Per pale counter-ermine and vairy argent and vert.

His previously registered device, Per pale vert and sable, a dragon segreant maintaining a chess-rook, a double tressure argent, is retained as a badge.

Emma Wen of Painscastle. Name and device. Vert, a feather bendwise and in sinister chief an increscent Or.

Erlan skáld í Norðrlandi. Name and device. Argent, on a chief engrailed azure three crescents Or.

Submitted as Erlan Norðskáld, the proposed byname, Norðskáld, is not a plausible Old Norse byname and is not constructed following period Old Norse patterns for descriptive bynames. The intended meaning of this byname is "skald from the Northlands." However, no documentation was submitted and none found showing that compound bynames were formed by combining a locative protheme and an occupational deuterotheme. We do have two examples of individuals bearing both an occupational and a locative byname. These are from Lindorm Eriksson" The Bynames of the Viking Age Runic Inscriptions": Tólir bryti í róði (Tolir the steward of Roðr) and Þorkell Rekkr í Lundi (Þorkell Warrior of Lund). Zoegi, A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic shows norðrland as a word for Iceland, or more particularly the northern region of Iceland. We have changed the name to Erlan skáld í Norðrlandi to match these examples.

There was some question whether Erlan was actually a name. The submitter included evidence of the Latin Erlanus. While this is not definitive proof of Erlan as a vernacular form, we typically give the submitter the benefit of the doubt in similar situations. There is no reason not to do so here. As submitted, the name mixes Old Norse and Swedish; this is one step from period practice.

Other questions were raised about the gender of the name. Yes, the submitter is female. However, the forms indicate that she does not have a preference for the gender of the registered name. Since the submitted name is a masculine name, we are registering it as a masculine name.

This is clear of the badge of Rhwth Rhys of Eldatir: Argent, on a chief doubly arched azure an estoile argent. There is one CD for aggregate changes to the charge group on the chief. There is a second CD for changing doubly arched to engrailed on the chief. As doubly-arched is an SCA invention, difference with it must be obtained purely on visual grounds. In period a chief engrailed could have been drawn with as few as three engrailings, though in SCA heraldry engrailing generally has more. Consensus With three or more points, a chief engrailed is visually distinct from a chief doubly arched, providing the necessary second CD. Garnet explains this by making the case that the most visible attribute of a doubly-arched or engrailed line is the the point(s) where the arches/engrailings meet. A doubly-arched line always has exactly one point, whereas an engrailed line has at least two. She continues: "When considering the case of 1 point vs 2, we will always have the 1 being in the middle of the field while the 2 will be spaced evenly _around_ the middle. When considering 1 point compared to any more than 2, the differences become more and more obvious."

Please advise the submitter to use deeper, and perhaps one or two fewer, engrailings.

Fujiwara no Aoi. Device. Ermine, a phoenix azure issuant from flames proper within a bordure nebuly azure.

Gerhard der Rote von Ulm. Name and device. Per pale wavy argent and azure, a sword and an axe reversed counterchanged.

Giles of Burleigh. Name.

Godlefe Bury. Device. Purpure, a cross crosslet fitchy, on a chief argent three mullets purpure.

Ian Morteyne. Name.

Ian is an SCA compatible Scots form of this name. Use of an SCA-compatible name is one step beyond period practice. If the submitter is interested in an authentic 12-13th C name, we suggest the form found in his documentation, John de Morteyn, which is dated to the 13th C.

Idonea Fairamay. Name.

Nice name!

Kate Wrenn. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Katheryn Redmayne. Name and device. Argent, in pale three domestic cats sejant gules between flaunches azure.

Ketill Errickson. Device. Vert, a wolf sejant ululant between four maple leaves in cross argent.

Magdalena Winter. Device. Argent, on a bend cotised azure three mullets of six points Or.

Mariota de la Moor. Name and device. Pean, a fess between three mortars and pestles Or.

Mary of the Stuwes. Name.

Nanesh Ivanovich. Device. Gules, on a chevron between three wolves rampant to sinister argent two swords points to center sable.

Owlsherst, Shire of. Branch name and device. Per bend sinister argent and vert, two owls affronty within a laurel wreath all counterchanged.

Listed on the LoI as Owlsherste, Shire of, the forms showed Owlsherst, Shire of. Mills, A Dictionary of English Place Names, show Tigelherst 1167 (s.n. Tilehurst), Saxingherste 1180 (s.n. Sissinghurst), and Schettokesherst 1239 (s.n. Shadoxhurst). Given this documentation, we have changed the name back to the originally submitted form.

Owlsherst, Shire of. Badge. (Fieldless) An owl's head cabossed vert.

Raina Iskremorova. Name.

Submitted as Raina Iskramor, the submitter suggested that Iskramor was justified as a descriptive byname. However, the lists of themes in Wickenden, A Dictionary of Period Russian Names are those found in given names; Wickenden does not address the formation of descriptive bynames in this section. Furthermore, the example given for this theme, Iskrets, shows the terminal a mutating to an e. Iskremor is a properly constructed given name using the themes Iskra and Mor. However, as submitted, the name consists of two given names and no bynames. We have changed the name to Raina Iskremorova, which corrects the formation of the byname and changes it to a patronymic.

Robert Fairfax. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Santiago de Montoya. Name and device. Vert, a scimitar bendwise sinister and in canton a sun argent.

Nice name!

Sebastian Estevan de Xavier. Name.

Sterling de la Rosa. Name and device. Argent, on a bend sinister azure between two wolf's paw prints sable a rose argent between two hearts palewise Or.

Sterling is the submitter's legal middle name. Middle names are registerable as given names under the mundan name allowance if they are given names by type. The submitter has included documentation for Sterling as a 12th C English given name.

This name mixes English and Spanish, which is one step from period practice.

Sterling de la Rosa. Badge. Per bend wavy argent and azure, a heart and a tower counterchanged.

Steuen de Sheffeld. Name and device. Or, a rabbit rampant to sinister gules within a bordure gules semy of quatrefoils Or.

Svava Þorgeirsdóttir. Name.

The given name Svava had previously been ruled unregisterable because it was found only as the name of a Valkyrie. However, the submitter has found the name used by a human character in one of the manuscripts of The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise. While a mention in a single manuscript copy (the name is not found in all manuscripts of this saga) is not great documentation, it is sufficient to give the submitter the benefit of the doubt to register this name.

Tryn of Iron Bog. Holding name and device (see RETURNS for name). Per bend sinister argent and azure, a drakkar proper sailed and pennoned gules and a Thor's hammer argent.

Submitted under the name Tryn Völundsson.

William Fitzwater. Name.

Wion Neilson. Name and device. Argent, a bend sinister gules between a lion and a cross potent sable.

Wulfric bláskegg. Name.

This name combines an Old English name with an Old Norse name; this is one step beyond period practice.

Ysabella de Draguignan. Name and device. Azure, a peacock in his pride argent the tail marked azure and in chief three fleurs-de-lys argent.

LOCHAC

Béoán Freborn. Name and device. Ermine, a fret purpure, on a chief embattled vert a roundel between two crescents argent.

The submitter requested authenticity for 12th/14th C, but both parts of the name are documented to the 11th C. The name mixes Irish and English; this is one step beyond period practice.

The escutcheon on the armory form was, in at least one dimension, smaller than the size specified in Administrative Handbook IV.C.1.d for submission forms by more than one-half inch, which is the usual variance allowed. However, Laurel has elected to use a more generous allowance until the current revisions to the standards for forms now under way are completed, and thus this armory can be registered.

Bordescros, Shire of. Device. Per chevron purpure fretty Or and Or, in base a laurel wreath vert.

Thomasina Freborn. Name.

William Castille. Badge. Gules, a griffin segreant and a chief Or.

Nice armory!

MIDDLE

Alexander Kyppyn Kirkcaldy. Badge. Quarterly argent and purpure, a tower counterchanged within a bordure engrailed azure.

Please instruct the submitter to draw fewer and larger engrailings on the bordure.

Alexander Kyppyn Kirkcaldy. Release of badge. Sable, a pretzel and on a bordure argent eight keys in annulo sable.

Aurelia Iuliana. Name and device. Vert semy of increscents Or, a wolf sejant contourny ululant argent.

Gin Taras'ev syn. Name change from Douglas of Ravenslake.

Submitted as Gin Taras, as submitted the name consists of two given names and no bynames. In some languages this formation would be interpreted as a given name and an unmarked patronymic, but unmarked patronymics are unattested in Russian. The documentation for Gin shows an example of this element used as a descriptive byname, although other names using Gin- as a protheme with the same meaning, 'young', are undisputably given names. Since Gin seems plausible as a given name, we have changed the second name to an appropriate patronymic form and registered the name as Gin Taras'ev syn. Wickenden, A Dictionary of Period Russian Names, s.n. Tarassi, cites a Guba Tara'ev syn in the 15th C. The naming pattern 'given+descriptive byname' is also an attested Russian naming pattern, so the name Taras Gin is also registerable.

His old name, Douglas of Ravenslake, is released.

Ivegard Sask. Name (see RETURNS for device).

The submitter requested authenticity for 9th C Saxon. As submitted, this appears to be a reasonable 9th C Frisian name (all parts are found in 9th C in the Friesland region); but we are unsure whether it is an authentic Saxon name.

Jonet of Keyth. Name.

Kalara Madarasz. Name and device. Sable, a pegasus passant wings elevated and addorsed and on a chief argent three crescents purpure.

Kastenstadt, Canton of. Branch name.

Michael Magnus. Name change from Magnus de Tymberlake.

The submitter presented his SCA membership card as proof of legal name. In this case, such proof was not needed to register his name. We remind submissions heralds that an SCA membership card is not a legal document for purposes of demonstrating a legal given name. Had no documentation been found for Michael as a medieval name, a photocopy of a membership card would be insufficient to allow its registration under the legal name allowance.

His old name, Magnus de Tymberlake, is released.

Michaleto Cappelli. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Listed on the LoI as Michalato Cappelli, the forms and the documentation both show the given name as Michaleto. We have changed the given name back to the originally submitted form.

Richard of Stokesley. Device. Argent, a chevron between three boars passant gules.

The submitter has a letter of permission to conflict with Basileios Philanthropenos Philomathes: Argent, a chevron between three crosses of Jerusalem gules.

Rivenvale, Shire of. Device. Vert, on a pile throughout azure fimbriated, an angel statant to sinister maintaining a sword palewise argent and in dexter chief a laurel wreath Or.

A similar design had been previously returned, with a note that the laurel wreath needed to be entirely on the field, but still large enough to be a significant element of the design. The redesign, appearing to err on the side of caution, shrank the pile such that the laurel wreath from the original submission would fit on this submission's field, but also shrank the laurel wreath. The laurel wreath should be drawn approximately the size of the original submission's wreath to be more clearly "a significant element of the design." Please instruct the submitter to draw the laurel wreath larger.

NORTHSHIELD

Fíne ingen Áeda. Device. Or, a triskele and a chief gules in chief two mullets of six points argent.

Madoc Wyth. Name and device. Per bend sable and azure, a wolf sejant ululant contourny argent.

Nuala inghean uí Chaoindealbheáin. Name.

Submitted as Nuala inghean uí Chaoinleáin, Chaoinleáin is a modern form of this name. Barring examples of this spelling in period, it cannot be registered. Entry 24 for 1156 in The Annals of the Fours Masters shows the form Ui Caoindealbhain. We have changed the name to Nuala inghean uí Chaoindealbhain to match period forms.

Sisuile Butler. Name.

This name mixes the Gaelic Sisuile with the English Butler; such combinations are one step from period practice. The submitter requested authenticity for 16th C Ireland but accepted only minor changes. Mari neyn Brien, "Index of Names in Irish Annals:, lists Buitiler as a feminine descriptive byname meaning butler. For an authentic 16th C Irish Gaelic form of this name, we suggest Sisuile Buitiler.

OUTLANDS

Brighid Óg inghean Néill. Device. Azure, a chevron inverted argent between three roses Or barbed vert seeded gules.

Caer Galen, Barony of. Order name L'Ordre du Poignard Noir.

Cerelle de Seyntlegger. Name.

Cerelle is her legal middle name. As far as the College can determine, Cerelle is a given name by type; therefore, it is registerable as a given name under the legal name allowance.

Dubheasa Eachinse. Device. Per pale argent and Or, a chevron inverted rompu and in chief a horse courant sable.

Helga Tynker. Name.

As documented, this name combines Old Norse and English. However, Withycombe, The Oxford Dictionary of English Given Names s.n. Helga says "Helga, Helge, and Helghi are found in the DB as names of tenants in the reign of Edward the Confessor." This shows the name used in England in the 11th C, although it is likely to have been found in a Norse colony in England.

Óengus Minogue. Name and device. Vert, a sheaf of five stalks of wheat and a bordure wavy Or.

Minogue is the submitter's legal surname.

The submitter requested authenticity for 12th/14th C Irish. However, there is no evidence that the Anglicization Minogue was used in Ireland in the 12th/14th C. Woulfe, Irish Names and Surnames s.n. Ó Muineóg, tells of an 11th C Irish bishop of Leighlin, Cleirchen Ó Muineóg, although it is unclear whether Woulfe is showing a documentary form of this name or a standardized modern form. However, the spelling Ó Muineóg is consistent with Early Modern Irish forms. If the submitter is interested in a fully Early Modern Irish form of this name, we suggest Aongus Ó Muineóg; Aongus is dated to 1264 in Mari neyn Brien, "Index of Names in Irish Annals." We would make these changes to comply with the submitter's request for authenticity, but the submitter will not accept major changes such as changing the language of a name element. As registered, the name mixes Gaelic and English, which is one step from period practice.

Please advise the submitter to draw the wavy more boldly.

Outlands, Kingdom of. Badge for Order of the Silver Lance. Vert, a tilting lance sustained by two stags combatant argent, a bordure engrailed Or.

Please advise the submitter to draw the engrailing more boldly.

Rose Mary Vethig. Name and device. Vert, in pale a compass star elongated to base argent and a hand Or.

TRIMARIS

Aíbinn ingen Artáin. Device. Argent semy-de-lys azure, on a pale vert a Celtic cross argent.

Blanche Capet. Name.

Delia Weaver. Name.

The name Delia was ruled unregisterable barring documentation that it was used by humans in July 2003:

Regarding Delia, the LoI stated: 'Support for "Delia" is found in period England based upon the fact that the sonnets of poet Samuel Daniel (published 1592) are dedicated to "Delia", (http://www.sonnets.org/daniel.htm), (http://www.sonnets.org/ erskinec.htm).' "However, it turns out that Delia is not a name used in literature for a specific human person. Rather, it is a name used for an idealized woman. Aryanhwy merch Catmael provided information from Withycombe regarding this name: "Withycombe s.n. Delia says that it was "an epithet of Artemis, derived from her birthplace Delos. It was a favourite name with pastoral poets in the 17th and 18th C." "Metron Ariston provided a further explanation of the use of Delia in period poetry: "'[...] Daniel almost certainly was drawing on Latin sources in his use of Delia as a code name for his ideal lady. Delia appears as the name of the object of the affection of the classical Latin poet in his love poems which were quite popular in the Renaissance. (Machiavelli specifically refers to reading Tibullus during a rural retreat in letter to a friend, Francesco Vettori, written in December 1513: "I have a book in my pocket, either Dante or Petrarch, of one of the lesser poets, such as Tibullus, Ovid, or the like. I read of their tender passions and their loves, remember mine, enjoy myself a while in that sort of dreaming.") The name also appears as the name of a love interest in Vergil's Eclogues which were even more popular in period and were certainly known to Daniel who did some Vergilian translations.' "Lacking evidence that Delia was used as a name for a human character, rather than as an allegorical reference to an idealized woman, this name falls into the same category as "Everyman" (see "Using Names from Literary Sources" in the Cover Letter to the February 1999 LoAR for more details). As the only use of Delia we have in period literature is allegorical, it is not registerable as a literary name."

Boke has found Delia as a Dutch name in a Latin context dated to 1542. Therefore, Delia is registerable as a Dutch given name. This name mixes Dutch and English, which is one step beyond period practice. If the submitter is interested in a fully Dutch form of this name, we suggest Delia Wever; Aryhanwy ferch Catmael, "15th C Dutch Names," lists the occupational surname Wever 'weaver'.

Elizabeth of Middlebrook. Name.

Faílenn ingen Murchada. Name and device. Per fess wavy vert and argent, two mullets of four points and a shamrock counterchanged.

Nice name!

Genevieve le Fey. Name and device. Argent, a frog vert and on a chief gules three estoiles argent.

Submitted as Genavieve le Fay, the submitted documentation, Colm Dubh, "Index to the Given Names in the 1292 Census of Paris" only shows the spelling Genevieve. No documentation was presented and none found that the submitted form is a reasonable variant of the documentated form. The byname was documented as la Fay. Reaney and Wilson, A Dictionary of English Surnames, s.n. Fay, shows de Fay as a placename, but only le Fey was a descriptive byname. Therefore, we have changed the name to Genevieve le Fey to match the documentation.

Gunther Labenwolf. Name and device. Azure, a saltire of chain couped Or, overall a wolf statant contourny argent.

Jessica of Fiach Ogan. Holding name and device (see RETURNS for name). Per saltire azure and sable a mullet of eight points elongated to base voided all within a bordure embattled argent.

Submitted under the name Arian ferch Dafydd Mawr.

Konrad Faust. Name and device. Argent, three chevronels azure, in base a heart gules.

Lucrezia Sarta da Napoli. Name.

Submitted as Lucrezia Sarta di Napoli, da is the usual locative preposition in Italian bynames. We have changed the name to Lucrezia Sarta da Napoli to correct the grammar.

Luke McGowen. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Máire Ruadh. Device. Per fess wavy Or and gules, two hearts counterchanged.

Marcaster, Shire of. Branch name (see RETURNS for device).

Melangell merch Mariot. Name and device. Per pale urdy Or and gules, three hearts gules and a bee proper.

Merricke MacDonald. Name and device. Azure, a fox sejant and in chief two barrulets wavy couped argent.

Please advise the submitter to draw the fox larger.

Parnell Aline Wynter. Device. Per bend sinister purpure semy of escarbuncles argent and argent, a dragonfly purpure.

Raynagh Griffyn. Name and device. Vert, a griffin couchant wings elevated and addorsed between six mullets one, two, two and one Or.

Submitted as Raynagh Binnech ingen Griffyn, the patronymic phrase combines the Gaelic particle ingen with the English or Welsh patronymic Griffyn in violation of RfS III.1.a, Linguistic Consistency. The introduction to Heather Rose Jones, "Names and Naming Practices in the Red Book of Ormond (Ireland 14th Century," says that the Red Book is a collection of Latin documents written by an English speaker; while the names represent English, Irish, and Welsh names, they are written in Latin or English. Therefore, we have dropped the Gaelic patronymic particle in order to register the name.

The submitter requested authenticity for 12th-13th C. The descriptive byname Binnech is dated to 985, well before the 14th C dates of the other two names. Therefore, we have dropped this element to comply with her request for authenticity and registered this name as Raynagh Griffyn.

Rüdger der Kreiger von Nürnberg. Name and device. Quarterly vert and Or, in bend a hammer sable between two lightning bolts Or.

Shamus O'Carolan. Badge. (Fieldless) A pheon bendwise sable.

Troy Justice. Name.

Troy is the submitter's legal given name.

Veronica da Milano. Name and device. Per bend sinister purpure and argent a Latin cross argent and a peacock in his pride proper.

Willa of Mathom Trove. Holding name and device (see RETURNS for name). Gules, a castle between three fishes argent.

This does not conflict with the (mundane) Kingdom of Valencia: Gules, a city argent. There is one CD for adding the secondary fish. As the emblazon of the Valencia royal arms depicts "a city" with many buildings surrounded by a wall, the difference between a city and castle is enough for the second CD.

Submitted under the name Cáit Roche.

WEST

Aine ingen Fhinn. Name and device. Azure, three rose slips conjoined in base, a chief embattled argent.

This name does not conflict with Aine Fhionn, registered July, 2003. In this case Fhionn is a descriptive byname and ingen Fhinn is a patronymic, so the bynames have different meanings. The introduction of the patronymic particle also means they differ significantly in sound and appearance.

Christopher Starling. Device. Per bend sable and argent, a closing nail bendwise sinister argent.

Collette de Rayncheval. Name and device. Per chevron gules and azure, two cat's pawprints Or and a horse passant argent.

Dorothea of Caer-Myrddin. Reblazon of badge. (Fieldless) A demi-raven displayed sable issuant from flames proper.

This item came up during a conflict check for another item on thie LoAR. It was originally registered November 1973 under the blazon (Fieldless) A raven rising out of flames proper. This blazon led commentors to believe that the raven was in the typical rising posture, with almost the entire bird visible including the legs (but perhaps not the feet). This is doubly inaccurate to the actual emblazon, which more closely matches the original proposed blazon on the form "A raven rising from flames in the manner of a phoenix" (emphasis added). Only the top half of the raven is truly visible, and its posture is displayed instead of rising.

The term "rising" has a different meaning for phoenixes than it does for ordinary birds. Of late we have even avoided the term for a phoenix if the situation seemed to call for it, since "issuant" and "emerging" carry the same meaning without carrying the ambiguity. We have reblazoned the badge to describe the emblazon in clearer and more accurate terms.

Eithne ingen Gille Challíne. Name and device. Per bend sinister purpure and sable, on a bend sinister argent, three cat's faces palewise sable.

Eleonora Lucrezia del Fiore. Name and device. Ermine, a swan rousant contourny sable, a base gules.

Eliana Fraser. Name and device. Gyronny vert and argent, a natural leopard sejant within a bordure Or.

This name mixes an Italian saint's name with an English byname, such mixtures are one step beyond period practice.

Else Hünrvogt. Name and device. Barry gules and Or, a chicken sable.

This is clear of the badge of Sancha de Flores: (Fieldless) A cock sable, headed and queued gules. Only the body of Sancha's bird is sable, which amounts to only half of the charge.

Fáelán ua hEógain. Name and device. Azure, on a chevron sable fimbriated, three triquetras argent.

Fernando de Santiago. Name.

Geoffrey de la Beche. Name.

Katarina Geresdottir. Name and device. Purpure, on a saltire argent, five cat's pawprints palewise sable.

Ragnsteinn frá Andréssmýri. Badge. Per pall inverted gules, azure and Or, a battleaxe fesswise Or.

Rose de Le Mans. Badge. (Fieldless) A pentaskelion of arms proper, vested argent, each hand maintaining a knife argent hilted sable.

Sæunn Egilsdóttir. Device. Per chevron sable and gules, two dogs passant respectant argent and a Thor's hammer Or.

Silver Desert, Province of. Badge. (Fieldless) A ram's head cabossed per pale argent and azure.

Staffan Arffuidsson. Name change from Hákon refr.

Nice name!

His old name, Hákon refr, is released.

Sylvie la Chardonnière. Device. Azure, a pale ermine, overall a sun Or.

Symon Cendré. Name and device. Per fess Or and gules, a boar passant gules and three plates.

Submitted as Symon Cynder. no documentation was submitted and none found that cynder is a reasonable descriptive byname. The definitions found in the OED suggest it is not. The only definition we found in period that is even applicable to humans is "The 'ashes' of a dead body after cremation or (transf.) decomposition; a1547 SURREY Æneid IV. (R.), Is there no fayth Preseru'd to the cinders of Sichee?" However, we doubt this definition is applicable to a living person. The submitter indicated he was willing to change the byname to the French Cendré; this name is found in Morlet, Dictionnaire étymologique des Noms de Famille. We have changed the name to Symon Cendré in order to register it.

Toirdhealbhach Mór mac Gille Mhuire. Name and device. Purpure, an estoile of eight rays, on a chief indented Or three mullets of four points purpure.

Veronica da Lugano. Name.

Victoria of Lynwood. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Victoria is the submitter's legal given name.

- Explicit littera accipendorum -

THE FOLLOWING ITEMS HAVE BEEN RETURNED FOR FURTHER WORK:

ANSTEORRA

Wyndhame, Shire of. Transfer of branch name to Wyndhame, Shire of.

The acceptance of transfer of this shire name was returned, therefore, the transfer must also be returned

ATENVELDT

Amalie zu dem Blumen. Device. Argent, a gurges azure surmounted by a carnation vert.

The device is being returned for a redraw. As drawn, the charge in the middle, while blazoned as a carnation, was indistinguishable between a lotus blossom affronty and a sun. It should be redrawn to be larger and with sufficient internal detailing to identify it as a flower.

Cecilia du Lac d'Argent. Name.

No documentation was submitted and none found for the use of the element Lac in French placenames. While Dauzat et Rostaing, Dicitionaaire étymologique des noms de lieus en France, lists one Lac name, Lac-des-Rouges-Truites, there are no dated forms; this indicates that the placename is modern. Barring such documentation, French placenames using the element Lac modified by an adjective or adjectival phrase cannot be registered. The unmodified element Lac is a reasonable byname. We would register this name as Cecilia du Lac, but the submitter will not take major changes.

ATLANTIA

Edan MacKay. Name.

This name was withdrawn by the submitter

James Oleveir. Device. Quarterly "vert and gules" [sic], a raven contourny and in base three bars argent.

The full-size emblazon contained colors that had drastically shifted from their intended tinctures into shades that were halfway between blazonable tinctures. The supposedly vert quarters are either teal or aquamarine, and the supposedly gules quarters are a very orangey pink. This appears to be the result of using a set of markers that are not colorfast.

CAID

Allan Blackharp. Household name Harpers Keep.

Conflict with Harper Hall, a central location in the popular Pern novels by Anne McCaffrey. This place appears as the name of one of the novels, Harper Hall of Pern, and as the name of a collection, The Harper Hall Trilogy .The Admin Handbook says "Locations in period or modern literary works of all genres may be considered major if they play a significant role in the action of the work in which they appear or are peculiarly associated with a major character in that work. Locations that appear in more than one part of a series may be considered significant even if they do not play a critical role in any single volume or episode." As Hall and Keep are designators, they are transparent for purposes of conflict.

Serena Nickolei. Device. Vert, a chevron Or between two crosses of Cleves argent and a horse rampant Or.

The device conflicts with Sterling of Toad Hall: Vert, a chevronel Or between in chief two bulldogs statant respectant argent, each gorged of a collar sable, studded argent, and in base a squirrel sejant erect Or holding in its forepaws an acorn argent, capped Or. The only CD is for changing the type of all the secondary charges.

William Wisehart. Device. Per pale Or and gules, a stag's head caboshed counterchanged.

The device conflicts with Fredrich der Rothirsch: Per pale Or and gules, a stag's massacre surmounted by a heart per pale gules and Or. The only possible difference between these two must be for the primary charge(s). A visual inspection of Fredrich's device shows that the charge most closely resembles a stag's attires attached to a heart, with each attire having about the same visual weight as the heart. As such there is really only one CD between the two, not substantial enough difference to qualify for X.2. Owen and Bright Leaf opine that this is a classic example of conflict via RfS X.5, with Owen adding that this is what X.5 is really meant to address.

CALONTIR

Aleksei Nikolai Rusianov. Device. Per chevron Or and purpure, two bears combatant gules and an owl displayed Or.

The putative field division is the lower quarter of a per saltire division, which has long been cause for return. If the submitter wishes for an honest per chevron division, the apex needs to be considerably higher. If the submitter wishes a point pointed, it needs to be considerably smaller and lower.

Ana de Granada. Device. Argent, two needles in saltire enfiling an annulet vert and three bendlets abased vert.

As drawn, the combination of bendlets abased and the needle-and-annulet combination is not period style. The emblazon gives rise to considerable confusion as to what is the primary charge. If the submitter wishes to depict Argent, three bendlets abased, in chief two needles in saltire enfiling an annulet vert, then the needle-and-annulet combination should be drawn smaller and more to chief.

Gardien de Plessier. Device. Sable, a mastiff statant and a bordure invected Or.

The device conflicts with Samal Kaan Uxmalil: Sable, a she-wolf statant reguardant within a bordure Or. There is one CD for the change of line of the bordure, but none for change of type between a wolf and a mastiff.

Hette Arnold. Device. Per chevron argent and gules, in chief three escallops one and two gules and in base a Bowen cross argent.

The device conflicts with Thorfinn the Just: Per chevron argent and gules, two escallops and a tower counterchanged. There is one CD for the change of number of primary charges but nothing for changing fewer than half the charge group.

The change of type does not generate a CD because the change is to one out of four charges. This is in accordance with the precedent made explicit in the tenure of Fran{c,}ois Laurel and Zenobia Wreath:

[...] In addition, it should be recalled that the SCA protects REGISTERED armory. Because of this, the SCA considers changes to have been made from the registered armory to the armory currently under submission, and has interpreted the Rules for Submission in the manner that gives the greatest protection to the registered armory, and allows the fewest possible differences for a change to armory. This implies a certain lack of symmetry to the ruling, because the interpretation of a change from "registered" to "considered" does not necessarily match the change from "considered" to "registered". The February 2003 ruling on Siridean's device applied type first (no type difference) and then number (removing four lions). If we were going from "considered" to "registered", we could arguably give a CD for changing from a lion and a castle to two lions (half the group has changed, and is entitled to a CD) and then give a CD for adding four lions, giving two CDs. But this is not the situation under consideration in this appeal.

In Siridean's case, the submitter is changing one of the lions into a castle, which leaves us with a charge group consisting of five lions and one castle. This change is to less than half of the charges in that group, so there is no CD under RfS X.4.e.

After the change of the type (a lion into a castle), we apply the change to the number by removing all but one of the lions and the castle. Of six charges, we remove four of the lions, leaving a total of two charges in the group, which is a change from six to two. RfS X.4.f notes that two and six are signficantly different, and therefore, entitled to a CD.

After applying the change of type and then the change in number, the submitted armory has but a single CD from Bohun, Earl of Hereford, Constable of England, Azure, a bend argent cotised between six lions rampant Or. The device appeal is denied. [Siridean MacLachlan, 12/03,R-Calontir]

In this case, we start from Thorfinn's registered armory, and make the changes in such an order as to give the greatest protection to the registered armory. So first we add the extra escallop, generating one CD for change of number from three charges to four. Then we change the type of the charge in base; the change to one out of four charges yields no CD.

Jürgen Weiter von Landstuhl. Device. Quarterly checky sable and argent and vert.

The device conflicts with Magnus de Tymberlake: Quarterly Or and vert. There is but one CD for change of tincture of two of the quarters.

Katheryne de Montfort. Name.

Conflict with Katerina de Montfort, registered June 1986. Katheryne and Katerina are variant spellings of the same name. RfS V.1 says "Variant spellings of the same word or name, no matter how radical, are not considered significantly different unless there is also a significant difference in pronunciation."

Her device was registered under the holding name Katheryne of Crystal Mynes.

Taran z Azov. Device. Or, a cross of Santiago purpure, on a chief purpure three crescents Or.

The device conflicts with Sabina de Almería: Or, a cross flory, on a chief purpure three Janus heads argent. There is one CD for aggregate changes to the charges on the chief, but nothing for the change from cross fleury to a cross of Santiago: "[Per] the March 2001 LoAR, 'A cross patonce and a cross of Santiago are both considered artistic variants of a cross flory; therefore, there is no CD for a cross patonce versus a cross of Santiago' [Mar 2001, Ret-East, Caitlin Davies]. A cross fleury is even closer in depiction to a cross of Santiago than a cross patonce." [Aug 2001, Ret-Lochac, Cristoval Gitano]

DRACHENWALD

None.

EAST

Ælfgar the Traveler. Name.

This name is two steps from period practice. First, it uses the SCA compatible byname the Traveler. Second, there is a more than 300 year time gap between the 10th C date for the given name, and the 1457 date for the first citation of the word traveller in English. Reaney and Wilson, A Dictionary of English Surnames, s.n. Travell, lists a Ralph Tauel in 1185. We have changed the name to Ælfgar Trauel, but this would require dropping a name element (the article), and the submitter will not accept major changes.

Amina al-Dyula an-Nisa al-Songhayya. Name. Or, a camel and on a chief gules three cowrie shells argent.

As submitted, this name has several problems. First, the name phrase al-Dyula is problematic. No evidence was submitted and none found that Dyula is an Arabic word appropriate for combining with the element al-. Furthermore, Dyula appears to be a modern spelling for this word, which is also found as Diola, Diula, and Jula. Siren notes that "The editor of the Ta`rîkh al-Sûd{a-}n states that the name "Wangara;" (adj. form "al-Wangarî") is the form used in period Arabic documents for this group (Hunswick, p. xxviii)...that justifies "al-Wangariyya" as a feminine byname..."

The locative byname, an-Nisa al-Songhayya, is not properly formed. In Arabic, the endings of locations are changed to match the gender of the bearer of the name; using a phrase such as an-Nisa "of the woman" to denote gender in a locative byname is not found in Arabic naming practice. In addition, Siren notes "Songhay is not a period Arabic spelling. In documents through the 15th century, the kingdom known as Songhay seems to be called Kawkaw... presumably after Gao, the capital of the state. The identity of Gao with the Songhay empire can be found, for example in the historical discussion at http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/CIVAFRCA/SONGHAY.HTM."

If the submitter is interested in an Arabic name that might have been born by a woman of the Dyula people in 15th C Mali, we suggest Amina al-Wangariyya al-Kawkawiyya. However, as this changes all but one element of the name completely, we feel this is too large of a change to make without the submitter's input.

The "cowrie shells" on the chief were indistinguishable from many other possible charge types. The basic motif of an oval with internal detailing down the center does not appear to be something inherently "recognizable solely from their appearance," and is thus not registerable per RfS VII.7.a, Identification Requirement.

Birna rauð. Device. Argent chaussé, a bear statant gules.

The device conflicts with Seán Ó Súilleabháin Beirre: Gules, on a pile argent a turtle purpure. Birna's device needs to be checked for conflict as if it were Gules, on a pile argent a bear statant gules per the following precedent among other examples:

[re: Argent, chausse, a yale rampant and in chief a laurel wreath vert] Conflict with Nicholos of the Hill Folk, Vert, on a pile argent, a dragon rampant gules. As we do not give difference between a pile and chausse, there is only one CD for the changes to the tertiary charges." (LoAR April 2000).

Considering Birna's device under this interpretation, and comparing it to Seán's device, there is only one CD for cumulative changes to the group of charges on the pile.

This also conflicts with Halldor Rauthbjorn: (Fieldless) A bear passant guardant gules maintaining on its back a castle argent. Here we are interpreting Birna's device as a divided field with a single primary charge. There is one CD for the field, but none for the difference between statant and passant guardant, and none for the maintained castle.

Kate Wrenn. Device. Azure, in pale a martlet "volant wings displayed" and a lymphad, in chief two lymphads Or.

The position of the bird does not appear to be blazonable. RfS VII.7.b, Reconstruction Requirement, states "Any element used in Society armory must be describable in standard heraldic terms so that a competent heraldic artist can reproduce the armory solely from the blazon. Elements that cannot be described in such a way that the depiction of the armory will remain consistent may not be used."

In addition, the difference in size between the two lymphads in chief and the one in base is so great that there was too much confusion as to how the bird and ships should be grouped together. As a result this violates the "Sword and Dagger" principle as applied to charges of the same type but of different size: one cannot use the same charge as both a primary and a secondary charge on the field in the same piece of armory.

Robert Fairfax. Device. Pily bendy and per pale Or and gules.

The device conflicts with Raymond the Mild: Pily bendy sable and Or. (The rules regarding field-primary armory are obviously in effect here.) The addition of the per pale line does *not* create a substantially different partition as claimed. The commentary that went into the formulation of RfS X.4.a.ii.(a) is quite clear on the point: when starting with a field divided by multiple parallel (or near-parallel) lines, counterchanging half of that field across a single line orthogonal or diagonal to the multiple lines does NOT create enough visual difference qualify as a substantial change of partition; in fact, the difference is not even significant, as the following precedent explains:

[Returning Barry wavy azure and argent, two dragons combattant gules maintaining between them a sword inverted, all within a laurel wreath Or.] Conflict with ... Barry wavy and per pale azure and argent, two wyverns combattant gules. There is a CD for the addition of the laurel wreath, but the complexity of the two fields makes it difficult to warrant granting a second for the per pale line of [the latter]. [2/94, p.20]

This case is directly analogous; the complexity of the two fields makes it difficult to warrant granting a CD for the single per pale line of the submitted armory. RfS X.4.a.ii.(b) cannot apply, as the two armories share a tincture (Or). There is but one CD, for changing the tincture of half the field.

This also conflicts with Walraven van Nijmegen: Bendy Or and gules. There is one CD for changes to the partition, but the two partitions are too similar to qualify for a substantial change via RfS X.4.a.ii.(a), and there are no other CDs available. Walraven has indicated a willingness to grant permission to conflict, but the point is currently moot as the device also conflicts with Raymond the Mild.

Sterling de la Rosa. Household name House Hydra.

No documentation was submitted demontrating that Hydra is a reasonable inn sign name. Nor did the College supply any. The documentation consisted of a statement that the word Hydra is found in the 16th C in England and an assertation that the name follows inn name patterns. No examples of inn name patterns were given, nor was the definition of Hydra as found in the OED included in the summarization. Such lack of documentation/summarization has long since been reason for return, especially when the College does not supply such missing information in commentary.

Tryn Völundsson. Name.

This name claims descent from the legendary smith Volundar, who manufactered the magical hammer and chariot of Thor, the Norse God of War. Although the name Volundar was documented from Lind, as far as we can tell all the cited references are to the legendary smith. Barring documentation that this name was used by ordinary humans in period, it is not registerable.

In addition, the spelling of the given name, Tryn appears to be a modern Anglicized transcription. The form Triun, cited in the submitted documentation, is a much more accurate representation. If this name is resubmitted, we suggest that form of the given name.

His device is registered under the holding name Tryn of Iron Bog.

Wyndhame, Shire of. Acceptance of branch name transfer from Wyndhame, Shire of and device. Per chevron azure and argent, a phoenix argent within a laurel wreath counterchanged.

This group is located in the county of Wyndham, VT. For purpose of registration, this is identical to the name being transfered here Wyndhame, Canton of. According to precedent:

the name may run afoul of section III.A.9 of the Administrative Handbook: No name or device will be registered to a submitter if it is identical to a name or device used by the submitter for purposes of identification outside of a Society context. Thus, in the present case, we would not have registered Tornio or Torneå, those being the currently used names for the town. The submitted name differs from each of these by one syllable, and that is generally considered sufficient difference for personal names. Again, we see no point in treating place names differently. [Torna, Canton of, 06/01, A-Drachenwald]

There is no difference in sound and there is only a difference of a single letter here, the silent -e at the end of the county name.

The device must also be returned because we do not create holding names for branches.

LOCHAC

None.

MIDDLE

Alexander Kyppyn Kirkcaldy. Release of device. Per pale sable and argent, a standing balance counterchanged, on a chief gules three mullets argent.

This armory was released in January 1997 as part of his device change in that month. As it is no longer registered to the submitter, he can't release it.

Alexander Kyppyn Kirkcaldy. Release of device. Per pale sable and argent, a standing balance counterchanged, on a chief azure three mullets argent.

This armory was released in August 2000 as part of his device change in that month. As it is no longer registered to the submitter, he can't release it.

Caterina la Rossa. Name.

Conflict with the name Catherine de la Rose, registered April 1987. The names are too similar in sound and appearance.

Hrafnhildr Mikaelsdóttir. Device. Argent, a raven rising sable and on a chief rayonny gules two spears in saltire argent.

As drawn, this blurs the line between a per fess line of division and a chief. If this is intended to be a chief it needs to be narrower so as not to blur the distinction. On a resubmission, please advise the submitter to use a less orangey red for any gules components, and draw the raven larger.

This is clear of André du Corbeau: Argent, a raven rising wings displayed sable, on a chief gules three pairs of arrows inverted in saltire argent. There is one CD for changing the line of the chief and another for changing the wing position of the primary charge (from displayed to elevated and addorsed). The original blazon of André's device did not specify that his raven's wings were displayed; the difference in wing position yields the second CD. (André's device has been reblazoned elsewhere on this LoAR.)

Ivegard Sask. Device. Vert, on a fess between two horses galloping argent a yew branch reversed vert fructed gules.

The posture of the horses is obtrusively modern. RfS VIII.4.c, Natural Depiction, states "Excessively naturalistic use of otherwise acceptable charges may not be registered.... Excessively natural designs include those that depict animate objects in unheraldic postures." The horses were blazoned on the Letter of Intent as "galloping" but the leg position is not blazonable; this depiction is based on 19th century observations via photographs. Using a more identifiable passant or courant posture would solve this problem.

Michaleto Cappelli. Device. Vert, three chevronels braced and in chief a heron volant contourny wings addorsed argent.

The device conflicts with Conan de Kirketun of Wyvernsreach: Vert, three chevronels braced and in chief a wyvern statant to sinister argent. The only CD is for type of the secondary charges (wyvern vs. heron); a visual comparison of the emblazons shows that their postures are too similar to allow a second CD.

Phillipa of Otterbourne. Device. Azure, an otter rampant and on a chief wavy Or, three harps azure.

The tincture of the field and the harps is halfway between purpure and azure, and as such cannot be registered. This appears to be the result of color photocopying; it should be noted that the color was beginning to flake off already at stress points.

NORTHSHIELD

Ia ingen Áeda. Device. Per chevron gules and argent, a quatrefoil gules and in chevron three mullets of six points argent.

The device is being returned for a redraw. The charges on the field are of three different sizes, but the difference in size blurs the distinction between having a single charge group and a primary with secondaries. As the blazon from the form and the Letter of Intent indicates a desire for the quatrefoil to be the sole primary charge, that should be made significantly larger and a bit more centered on the shield (there's room for that to be done) and the mullets should be redrawn to be all the same size as the smaller one on the current emblazon.

Jane the Contrarye. Name.

While the word Contrarye has several attested meanings in period, none of them is appropriate for a a descriptive byname. The period meanings boil down to "opposite of, opposed to, antagonistic toward" and in each example contrary contains a comparitive; for each person, state, or emotion there is a contrary person, state, or emotion to which it is compared. The definition that makes a reasonable byname, of antagonistic or untoward disposition, perverse, or obstinately self-willed" is dated to 1850. If the submitter is interested in a byname with a similar meaning, we suggest le Wilfulle dated to 1275 in Reaney, The Origins of English Surnames.

OUTLANDS

Fontaine dans Sable, Barony of. Order name Order of the Golden Palm.

Conflict with the household name Household of the Golden Palm, registered September 1996. The only difference is the designators; designators are transparent for conflict purposes.

TRIMARIS

Arian ferch Dafydd Mawr. Name.

No documentation was submitted and none found showing the name Arian in use in Wales in period, or in use as a name in cultures that had significant contact with Wales. The submitter asserted that Arian was a variant of the saint's name Arianell, but the submitted documentation only showed Arian- as a protheme in Welsh names. Documentation was presented for the name Arian as an Alexandrian martyr, but no documentation was found showing that the cult of this martyr was known in Wales or in cultures with significant contact with Wales. We would have changed the name to Arianell to match the documentation, but this significantly changes the sound and appearance of the name. The submitter will not accept major changes.

Her device has been registered under the holding name Jessica of Fiach Ogan.

Cáit Roche. Name.

Conflict with the registered name Catriona Roche, registered in May 1992. Cáit is a diminutive of Caitriona, and RfS V.1.a.i says "irrespective of differences in sound and appearance, a given name is not significantly different from any of its diminutives when they are used as given names." Furthermore, no documentation was submitted and none found that the Gaelic diminutive Cáit was used in period; submitted documentation showed it as a modern diminutive for this name. Barring documentation that this diminutive was found in period, it is not registerable.

Her arms were registered, under the holding name Willa of Mathom Trove.

Finnéadan ingen Ruadhan. Name. Argent, a thistle vert headed purpure and a chief embattled vert.

The name Finnéadan appears to be a unique name for a legendary character. Ó Corráin and Maguire, Irish Names, says of this name "Finnétan was a lady of the Déisi and ancestress of many nobles of Ossory." When Ó Corráin and Maguire provide only information about a single bearer with no other information, this usually means that the person so described is the only known bearer of the name. We have been unable to find this name in any other source which strengthens the argument that this name is unique. Barring another example of this name, it cannot be registered.

The device conflicts with Tiecia O'Scanlan: Argent, a thistle within an orle of ivy vert. There is one CD for changing the type of secondary charge from an orle of ivy to a chief. As this submissions's thistle is still mostly vert, there is no difference for changing the tincture of considerably less than half of the primary charge (from all vert to mostly vert with a little bit of purpure).

While blazoned on the Letter of Intent as proper, the thistle isn't quite. The bulbous part (just below the brushy "hair") of the head of a thistle proper should be green.

Heinrich von Hamburg. Name.

No forms were received for this name, therefore, it must be returned.

James Standish. Device. Sable, on a cross argent a Russian firebird displayed head to sinister and flames issuant from base gules all within a bordure argent.

The device conflicts with William of Craucester: Sable, on a cross argent in cross a sword inverted and an arrow sable, all within an bordure argent. There is only one CD for aggregate changes to the tertiary charges.

Luke McGowen. Device. Or, a dragon passant sable.

The device is returned for multiple conflicts. This conflicts with a badge of Drachenwald, Or, in pale a dragon passant coward sable and two arrows in saltire gules, with one CD for the addition of the arrows. It also conflicts with another registered badge of Drachenwald, Or, semy of dragons passant coward sable, with one CD for the difference in number. It also conflicts with Robert MacMahon, Or, in pale a wyvern passant sable and another gules, with one CD for deleting the second (gules) wyvern.

Marcaster, Shire of. Device. Azure, in fess three pallets wavy argent and a castle within a laurel wreath Or..

The device is being returned for a redraw. The emblazon does not depict a tierce [wavy] paly wavy azure and argent, as claimed by the blazon on the Letter of Intent. As three pallets wavy, it is difficult to tell what the primary charge(s) are; if we consider them all as co-primary (as suggested by the reblazon), this violates the "Slot-Machine" rule. If the branch wishes for a tierce wavy paly wavy, the (equal-width) stripes need to continue all the way to the dexter edge of the shield.

Sunniva Ottilia Stagg of Stowe on the Olde. Name.

As submitted this name has several problems. First, it uses two Swedish given names. Double given names are unattested in Swedish naming practice. Barring documentation for multiple given names in Swedish, names using multiple Swedish given names are not registerable. Second, it combines Swedish and English in the same name; this was declared one step from period practice in July 2002. Finally, although there are many examples of placenames of the form "placename on the rivername" in English, there is no evidence locative bynames were ever formed using such phrases. We generally allow attested English placenames to be used as English locative bynames because there is a well attested pattern of such translations. However, because there is no evidence for complete phrase placenames being used as locative bynames, such names used as bynames are a step beyond period practice. We note that the names Sunniva Stagg of Stowe or Ottilia Staff of Stowe would both be registerable, although one step from period practice for mixing Swedish and English. However, making these changes would be a major change, and the submitter will only accept minor changes.

WEST

Órlaith inghean Néill Mhóir uí Cheallacháin. Name and badge. Quarterly Or and argent, a trefoil vert within a bordure azure.

This item was forwarded on the Letter of Intent in error before the submission fees were collected. This item is returned and does not qualify for a free resubmission.

Victoria of Lynwood. Device. Per pale embattled argent and azure, in the dexter side a sprig of European ash pendant, leaved of two leaves, vert and in sinister chief a mullet of four points argent.

The device is being returned for non-period style. The applicable rules here are RfS VIII.4.c, Natural Depiction: "Excessively naturalistic use of otherwise acceptable charges may not be registered" and RfS VIII.4.d, Modern Style: "Generally modern style in the depiction of individual elements or the total design may not be registered." The overlapping of the ash leaves, the use of the ployé mullet of four points, the lack of a central focus (with two different charge types on either side of a field division) and the lack of symmetry (with the charges on either side of a field division not in a line orthogonal to the line of division) all contribute to the general modernistic feel.

- Explicit littera renuntiationum -

THE FOLLOWING ITEMS HAVE BEEN PENDED UNTIL THE August 2005 LAUREL MEETING (OR AS NOTED):

TRIMARIS

Chlothar Bructerus. Badge. (Fieldless) A saltire couped voided and gringolé Or.

While we would not register a cross/saltire gringolé voided (with the voiding being gringolé as well), this voiding is plain, and we have examples of the simpler period crosses being voided and then having some elaborate treatment applied to the ends. For example, Humphery-Smith's Anglo-Norman Armory Two has a cross clechy voided and bottony (p.309, Benstede, John, from the Falkirk Roll of 1298); there are many examples in the Matrices de Sellos Espanoles (Siglos 12 -16) and the Livro de Armeiro-Mor showing crosses whose interior has a plain-cross shape inside of the same tincture as the field (all the examples had plain undivided fields) but whose arms end in complex ways. (The most common was fleury, but others exist as well, including at least one with acorns issuant from the ends!)

What is not obvious is whether these were being treated as a complex cross charged with a simpler one, or as a for-real voiding; for in order for charges with interior voids to be registerable as fieldless badges, there must be evidence that the treatment was considered in period to be a voiding. As all the examples studied show an interior of the plain undivided field, it is very difficult to tell. Had there been any examples with divided fields showing on the interior that would have been immense evidence in support of the idea. As it is, we are pending this to give the College a chance to research and comment on this specific issue further.

- Explicit -