THE FOLLOWING ITEMS HAVE BEEN REGISTERED:

ÆTHELMEARC

Clarice Roan. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Fredeburg von Katzenellenbogen. Name and device. Vert, two bars gemels and in chief a lion passant argent.

As discussed in Baldwin's tenure: "Gemel means 'coupled, paired, twin'; it is derived from Latin gemellus 'twin'. (Webster's Second) Two bars are thus 'a bar gemel', four bars are 'two bars gemels', and so forth. [BoE, 20 Oct 85, p.11]". We note that four bars would be evenly spaced, while two bars gemels would, as in this submission, have two bars close together, then a larger space, then two more bars close together.

Katerin Douglas alse Alexander. Name and device. Per chevron rayonny sable and gules, three flames and a phoenix Or.

Please advise the submitter to draw the line of division lower. This will cause the phoenix to be somewhat smaller and the flames somewhat larger so that they are more clearly co-primaries.

Onóra inghean Chonaill. Name.

Temair Ruadh. Name.

This name mixes Middle Irish and Early Modern Irish. This is one step from period practice. A fully Middle Irish form of this name would be Temair Ruad, while a fully Early Modern Irish form would be Teamhair Ruadh. The byname Ruad is the normalized Middle Irish spelling for this word, while Teamhair is the normalized Early Modern Irish form of that name.

ANSTEORRA

Andorra. Important non-SCA flag. Per pale azure and gules, a pale Or charged with the state arms (quarterly: first, bishopric of Urgel (Gules, a mitre Or); second, Foix (Or, three pallets gules); third, Catalonia (Or, four pallets gules); fourth, Bearn (Or, in pale two cows passant gules)).

According to the Administrative Handbook section III.B, "All national arms and national flags are considered sufficiently significant to protect, even if not yet listed in the Armorial." Thus the flag of Andorra is important enough to protect.

Brúnn Iónsson. Name.

Originally submitted as Brúnn Iónsson, the name was changed at kingdom to Brúnn Iónarson because it was believed that names ending in øn add an -ar to change to the genitive form. However, the name Ión does not end in øn; it ends in -ón. In this case, the originally submitted form is grammatically correct, so we have change the name back to that form.

Christien de Charlemaison. Name.

Fergus d'Ornay. Name.

Georgia. Important non-SCA flag. Argent, a cross between four crosses formy gules.

According to the Administrative Handbook section III.B, "All national arms and national flags are considered sufficiently significant to protect, even if not yet listed in the Armorial." Thus the flag of Georgia is important enough to protect. Their prior flag, Murrey, a canton per fess sable and argent, continues to be protected. As noted on the Letter of Intent to Protect, the Georgian law creating this flag is unclear whether the crosses are formy or couped or somewhere in between. We are thus protecting both forms of the flag. Note that this is the flag for the country of Georgia, not the state of Georgia.

Georgia. Important non-SCA flag. Argent, a cross between four crosses couped gules.

According to the Administrative Handbook section III.B, "All national arms and national flags are considered sufficiently significant to protect, even if not yet listed in the Armorial." Thus the flag of Georgia is important enough to protect. Their prior flag, Murrey, a canton per fess sable and argent, continues to be protected. The Georgian law creating this flag is unclear whether the crosses are formy or couped or somewhere in between. We are thus protecting both forms of the flag. Note that this is the flag for the country of Georgia, not the state of Georgia.

Gerhard Pfister. Name.

Originally submitted as Gerhardt Pfister, the name was changed at kingdom to Gerhard Phister to fulfill the submitter's request for authenticity for 14th C German. The summarization documented the spelling Gerhard to 1250 s.n. Gerhard(t) in Bahlow/Gentry, German Names. Talan Gwynek, "Medieval German Given Names from Silesia", gives this spelling in 1228, 1293, and 1426. It should be a fine 14th C spelling. The byname Phister was documented from Brechenmacher, Etymologisches Woerterbuch der deutschen Familiennamen s.n. Pfister, who cites a Burchart der Phister from 1285. However, Bahlow/Gentry, s.n. Pfister, have Pfisterli in 1357 and Pfisterlin in 1480. Both of these are diminutives of the originally submitted spelling, Pfister. We have changed the name to Gerhard Pfister, an authentic 14th C form closer to the form originally submitted.

The summarized documentation noted that no dated forms of the spelling Gerhardt were found. However, as Nebuly explains, this spelling would be unremarkable for the late 15th and the 16th C:

I've noticed of late that submissions of German given names ending in -hardt (e.g. Gerhardt, Erhardt) are being changed to -hard for lack of documentation available to the kingdom that processes the submission. To alleviate this situation in future, I present here information that should help. If Laurel will kindly include the following documentation in the LoAR, future heralds can cite it from that location.

Schwarz's study of German personal names in late period Bohemia includes the given name Erhard (1408 s.n. Bischof; 1541 s.n. Elling), as well as Erhart (1438 s.n. Brühler; 1560 s.n. Gabler), and the spelling Erhardt (1512 s.n. Hebenstreit). While the preferred spelling will vary by region and by scribe, we have adequate evidence here that, in late period, High German deuterothematic names ending in -hard may also be spelled with -hart or -hardt.

Gráinne inghean Shéadna. Device. Azure, a feather bendwise and in sinister chief a martlet volant argent.

The defining feature of a martlet is usually taken to be its lack of feet. When volant it is impossible to tell whether or not its feet are present, which led some commenters to suggest reblazoning the bird to a swallow.

Black Stag provided the following information:

François Velde's article on the martlet on his web site provides an excellent analysis of period use of this charge, quoting from authoritative sources like Pastoureau, Woodward, and Brault. Here are the key paragraphs of the Velde article, which is found at http://www.heraldica.org/topics/martlet.htm.

According to Pastoureau: Traité d'Héiraldique (2d ed., p. 150-1), the charge makes its first appearance c. 1185 in the arms of Mello in Normandy, and is at first confined to similarly canting arms (Merlot, Merloz, etc). Therefore, it is initially thought of as a small blackbird, called merle in French. From the mid-14th c., however, it appears as a canting device for families named Oisery, Oisy, Loiseau, which indicates that it is now seen as a generic bird rather than any specific species. Its depiction is still quite variable (with or without feet), and in any case it does not lose its beak before the late 15th c. As the Oxford ENglish [sic] Dictionary says (s.v. martlet): "It seems possible that the heraldic bird may originally have been intended for a 'little blackbird', represented without feet by accident or caprice, or with symbolical intention." Most likely, the need to save space led artists to skip the feet of the small birds that were often used as filler or bordure elements (the orle of martlets is common in early heraldry). Also, in the late 15th c., some confusion or competition arises with the canette or duckling, and modern French heraldic textbooks state that a martlet is a duckling without beak and feet.

The evolution in England was different, leading to a swallow. The reason is undoubtedly folk etymology. The Oxford English Dictionary continues: "The English heralds of the 16th c. or earlier identified the bird so depicted with the 'martlet' or swift, which has short legs, whence its mod. specific name apus = Gr. apous footless. It is noteworthy that the 'martlets' (so called in the 16th c.) in the pretended arms of Edward the Confessor were at an early period portrayed with feet. The anglicized form of merlete, marlet, does not occur in heraldic use, but appears in several 16th c. instances with the sense of martlet, i.e. a swift or a martin. According to English heraldic writers, the use of the footless bird as a mark of cadency for younger sons was meant to symbolize their position as having no footing in the ancestral lands." Woodward and Burnett (A Treatise on Heraldry, p. 266) confirm that: "[t]here are early examples of the martlet properly furnished with legs, but about the close of the 13th c. the custom arose by which the bird is represented without feet, and sometimes without a beak." Gerard Brault (Early Blazon, p. 242) says that "The elimination of the feet (and later the beak) in depictions of the martlet may have been purely conventional". He cites examples attesting to the variety of early depcitions [sic]: Mathew Paris shows the martlets of John de Bassingbourne without legs, those of Furnival with legs; the sparrow-hawks of Robert Muschet without feet; a 13th c. panel of Edward the Confessor's arms in Westminster abbey shows the martlets as doves (with feet).

Given this research, it appears that for the majority of our heraldic period and the majority of our area of study, a martlet is effectively a generic little bird - most often modeled on a swallow, European blackbird (merle in French), or similar bird. It was almost always is drawn without feet in some fashion - although it may show leg tufts, leg stumps, or no legs at all.

For SCA purposes, we will blazon a small generic bird as a martlet if does not have feet. If a small generic bird has feet showing - which is to say actual toes - then it is NOT a martlet. If for some reason, the blazon term martlet was chosen for purposes of cant, the cant can be preserved by blazoning it as a merle (for blackbird).

If the small generic bird does not have feet showing, AND does not have some other clear attribute of a different type of bird (such as a dove's tuft), AND the bird is in a posture found for most types of bird (close, rising and volant, but not displayed), then it is acceptable to blazon it as a martlet. This is the case whether the bird explicitly shows that it is footless/legless from its posture, or whether the bird's foot area is obscured by the bird's wings (as in the volant posture) or by another charge (a demi-martlet rising issuant from a fess). We have therefore retained the term martlet for the bird in this submission.

Gwen uxor Dougal. Name.

This name mixes Welsh and Scots; this is one step from period practice.

The byname, uxor Dougal, mixes Latin and Scots. RfS III.1.a states "each phrase must be grammatically correct according to the usage of a single language." In this case, the phrase is in a single language: Latin. In Latin documents, Scots names are often written as undeclinable forms with standard endings. This means that the Latin form is identical to the Scots form. Therefore, this particular usage is grammatically correct according to the usage of Latin in Scotland.

John Greywolf. Device. Argent, on a lozenge sable a wolf rampant argent.

The submitter has permission to conflict with the badge of Honor of Restormel, Argent, on a lozenge sable a mullet Or. These are not arms of pretense under our current rules; RfS XI.4 limits consideration of arms of pretense to a single escutcheon. Laurel has previously ruled:

[on a lozenge argent a fleur-de-lys gules] As per the rules change in the cover letter to the June 2001 LoAR, the fact that the charged shape is not an escutcheon means that this is not an inescutcheon of pretense. ... While this armory is evocative of the city of Florence, whose arms are Argent, a fleur-de-lys gules, it is acceptable. [Alethea of Shrewsbury, 08/01, A-Lochac]

In the same manner, while the design of the lozenge is evocative of the arms of Dorcas Dorcadas, Sable, a three-headed hound rampant, one head reguardant, argent, langued gules, it is acceptable.

Lyonnete Haccemus. Name and device. Per bend azure and gules, in sinister chief a cat sejant guardant Or.

Phelim Gervase. Badge. Sable, a lantern between three clews of yarn Or.

A clew is a period term, though not a heraldic term, for a ball of yarn or thread. It can be used for the sake of a cant; however, it is sufficiently obscure that we feel the qualifier of yarn needs to be added.

A clew or ball of yarn will conflict with a roundel of the same tincture.

Red Crescent. Restricted charge. A single gules decrescent on any argent background or in any way that could be displayed on an argent background (such as a fieldless badge).

Currently, the flag of the Red Crescent, Argent, a decrescent gules, is protected. The symbol of the International Red Crescent is not currently listed as a restricted charge in the Glossary of Terms. The Letter of Intent to Protect proposed adding as a restricted charge "A decrescent gules on argent, fieldless, or tinctureless". That would prohibit designs with multiple decrescents as well as tinctureless designs with decrescents.

This is not a copyright or trademark issue. The protection afforded the symbol of the International Red Crescent by international treaty and by national laws is at a much higher level than simple copyright or trademark. By treaty, the symbol of the Red Crescent has the same protection as the symbol of the Red Cross. The consensus of the College of Arms was that, while the proposed restriction was overly broad, the Red Crescent did need to be restricted in accordance with these treaties and laws. We believe that the symbol of the Red Crescent should be protected to the same extent as the symbol of the Red Cross is protected. Thus at this time we are adding to the list of restricted charges the Red Crescent, "A single gules decrescent on any argent background or in any way that could be displayed on an argent background (such as a fieldless badge)". The use of multiple gules decrescents may be returned on a case-by-case basis if their placement or usage appears too evocative of the symbol of the Red Crescent.

Red Cross. Restricted charge change. A single gules cross couped on any argent background or in any way that could be displayed on an argent background (such as a fieldless badge).

Currently, the flag of the Red Cross, Argent, a cross couped gules, is protected while "A cross couped gules on an argent background" is listed as a restricted charge in the Glossary of Terms. This is the symbol of the International Red Cross and is protected by international treaty as well as various national laws. The Letter of Intent to Protect proposed expanding the restricted charge to "A cross gules on argent, fieldless, or tinctureless". That would prohibit designs with multiple crosses couped as well as tinctureless designs with crosses couped.

This is not a copyright or trademark issue. The protection afforded the symbol of the Red Cross by international treaty and by national laws is at a much higher level than simple copyright or trademark. The consensus of the College of Arms was that, while the proposed restriction was overly broad, the protection of the Red Cross did need to be expanded in accordance with these treaties and laws. At this time we are modifying the restriction listed in the Glossary of Terms to "A single gules cross couped on any argent background or in any way that could be displayed on an argent background (such as a fieldless badge)". The use of multiple gules crosses couped may be returned on a case-by-case basis if their placement or usage appears too evocative of the symbol of the Red Cross.

Stephanie Winterin von Brandenburg. Name and device. Or, in pale three crosses bottony fitchy between flaunches sable.

Submitted as Stephanie Winter von Brandenburg, descriptive bynames in German women's names are written in a feminine form. We have changed the name to Stephanie Winterin von Brandenburg to correct the grammar.

Stephanie is the submitter's legal given name.

Thomas Develyn. Name.

Nice 14th C English name.

Venezuela. Important non-SCA flag. Per fess Or and gules, on a fess azure an arch of eight mullets argent and in canton the state arms (An escutcheon per fess enarched, per pale gules and Or and azure, a garb Or, a sheaf of weapons proper surmounted by two banners in saltire per fess Or and gules, a fess azure, and a horse courant argent; the escutcheon ensigned with two cornucopias in saltire argent and environed of a wreath vert bound with a ribbon per fess Or and gules, a fess azure charged with the words 19 DE ABRIL DE 1810; INDEPENDENCIA; REPUBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA; FEDERACIÓN; 20 DE FEBRERO DE 1859 Or).

According to the Administrative Handbook section III.B, "All national arms and national flags are considered sufficiently significant to protect, even if not yet listed in the Armorial." Thus the flag of Venezuela is important enough to protect. The difference between Venezuela's prior flag and the current flag is the number of mullets (seven versus eight) and the direction that the horse is running. The previous flag continues to be protected.

Wentlyana verch Llewelyn Dineirth. Name.

AN TIR

Amy verch Rychard. Name and device. Gules, a swan's head erased Or beaked sable maintaining in its beak an increscent, in chief a key fesswise reversed wards to base argent.

The documentation for this name, an Academy of Saint Gabriel letter, was not properly summarized. Because Saint Gabriel letters are built from a variety of sources, it is important to know where the Academy got the information in their letter. We remind submissions heralds that summarizations of Saint Gabriel letters must include the sources the Academy cites for its information -- this is important to the commenters when trying to decide whether the Academy's analysis is valid.

Arion the Wanderer. Name.

Cerridwen of Conwy. Device. Per chevron inverted Or and azure, a greyhound's head erased and a crescent counterchanged.

Cristobal de Corrales. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Nice 15th C Spanish name.

Mirien la Texedora. Name.

The submitter requested a name authentic for 12th-13th C Spain. However, while the given name is documented to the 13th C, the byname is documented to the 15th C. To make this name authentic for the desired period, we would need a 13th C example of the byname, but none of the commenters were able to find a form of Texedora earlier than the 15th C. Therefore, we are unable to make changes to this name to fulfill the submitter's request for authenticity.

Morgan ap Hugh. Name (see PENDS for device).

Nice 16th C Welsh name!

Timo Schuzzilwenst. Name and device. Per fess embattled gules and sable masoned argent, in pale a demi-swan rousant issuant from the line of division and a sun Or.

The submitter requested a name authentic for 14th-15th C German. However, we were unable to date either element later than the 13th C. Therefore, we are unable to make the name authentic for the submitter's desired time period.

Given the masoning of the lower portion of the field, it was suggested that this be blazoned as issuant from base a wall sable masoned argent. It has neither windows nor a portal, nor are there standards or features (other than the masoning) to indicate this is a wall. In fact, a sable wall could not be placed on a gules field without violating the requirements for armorial contrast. The device does have two primary charges - one on either side of the line of division - which is typical for a field division but not for a wall. Therefore, this is a per fess embattled field rather than a wall.

We note that Parker says that a wall is masoned and embattled, but doesn't mention windows or portals as a characteristic. The Pictorial Dictionary says that "The wall is embattled and throughout by default; it is very often issuant from base. A wall may be fortified, with watch towers; and it may have a port or gate; such details are always blazoned." Batonvert's research on the use of wall in blazons, and emblazons, is discussed in the April 2006 LoAR (q.v., Griffith Jenner, A-Atlantia).

Timothy der Kenntnisreiche. Reblazon of device. Azure, a scorpion Or maintaining in chief an open book argent.

Registered in March 1992 with the blazon Azure, in pale an open book argent grasped by a scorpion Or, the book is not large enough to be considered sustained, therefore we have corrected the blazon to specify that it is maintained.

Tir Rígh, Principality of. Order name Order of the Red Flame.

Tir Rígh, Principality of. Order name Order of the Silver Pillar (see RETURNS for other order names).

Tir Rígh, Principality of. Badge for Order of the Hafoc. (Fieldless) A hawk striking to sinister erminois.

ARTEMISIA

Mael Coluim mac Gilla Epscoip. Name (see PENDS for device).

Submitted as Maol Colaim mac Gilleasbuig, the submitter requested a name authentic for "10th C Scots". Since the Scots language did not exist in the 10th C, we assume he means 10th C Scottish Gaelic. In this case, the given name is an Early Modern Irish Gaelic spelling, appropriate for the period from 1200-1700, while the patronymic is modern Scottish Gaelic. In the 10th C, we would not expect Scottish Gaelic to be substantially different from Irish Gaelic. Therefore, a name consistent with the rules of Middle Irish Gaelic (900-1200) would be appropriate in this case. Dub m. Mael Coluim, ri Alban (Dub MacMalcolm, son of the king of Scotland), appears in a 967 entry of the Annals of Ulster. The orthography in this work is consistent with Middle Gaelic, and the entry here shows the name Mael Coluim in Scotland in the 10th C. As the nominative form of this name is identical to the genitive form found in this entry, Mael Coluim is a fine 10th C Gaelic form of the given name. Ó Corráin and Maguire, Irish Names give Gilla Epscoip as the Middle Irish form of the patronymic. Again, the genitive for this name is identical to the nominative form. However, it is unlikely to be appropriate for the 10th C, as neither Black, The Surnames of Scotland or the various Irish Annals show this name dated earlier than the mid 12th C. In addition, the Gilla- names do not become common in the Irish Annals until the 12th C. We have changed the name to Mael Coluim mac Gilla_Epscoip to partially fulfill the submitter's request for authenticity.

Markos Agallon Armenios. Name and device. Per chevron argent and vert, a Norse sun cross and a serpent erect tail coiled counterchanged.

Submitted as Markos Agallon of Armenia, this name mixes Greek and English. Such combinations are not registerable. Metron Ariston notes, "Since the people of Armenia were known as Armenoi in Greek as early as Herodotus (http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/papazian/armenia.html), I would suggest rendering that element of the name in Greek as Armenos or Armenios". In addition, Arthur Boak, The Master of the Offices in the Later Roman and Byzantine Empires notes a Manuel Armenios. We have changed the name to Markos Agallon_Armenios in order to register it.

Ruth the Pilgrim. Name.

Sunniva Corinna Abercrombie. Device. Vert, a cinquefoil Or seeded sable within a bordure argent charged with a vine vert.

Timur al-Badawi and Tanne Comyn. Joint badge. Per pale sable and argent, two towers counterchanged and in chief a crescent Or.

ATENVELDT

Adaleide de Warewic. Name.

The client requested an authentic 12th-14th C English name. This is a 12th C form of this name.

Originally submitted as Adelaide de Warewic, the spelling of the given name was changed at kingdom to Adaleide because Adaleide was a documented 12th C form of this name. However, this change was not mentioned on the LoI. The forms noted that the change had been made after consultation with the submitter; we do appreciate this. However, such changes, no matter how minor, should be also be noted on the LoI where the commenting members of the College of Arms may see and comment upon them.

Adelicia de Clare. Name and device. Gules, a dolphin haurient contourny between four seeblatter in cross Or.

Ainder ingen Demmáin. Name.

al-'Aliyya Lyonnais. Name and device. Per saltire argent and sable, in pale a woman statant affronty, vested and arms upraised, sable and a two-spouted lamp vert.

Submitted as _Alyaa' Lyonnais, the name Alyaa' was documented, undated, from A Dictionary of Muslim Names, by Salahuddin Ahmed. This work is a dictionary of modern names; unless a date is provided in this work, we must assume that the forms listed in this work are modern. Ahmed suggests that Alyaa' is a feminine form of Ali. While we have been unable to find such a feminine form in period, Da'ud ibn Auda, "Period Arabic Names and Naming Practices" gives the name al-'Aliyya as a feminine cognomen used as an ism (given name). We have changed the name to al-'Aliyya Lyonnais in order to register it.

This name mixes Arabic and French; this is one step from period practice.

Alexis Devile. Name and device. Or, a pithon displayed sable, winged gules.

Submitted as Alexis de_Vile, the byname is a header form in Reaney and Wilson, A Dictionary of English Surnames. However, the discussion in this work makes it clear that the form de Vile is modern. The closest form they provide is Devile, in 1305. They note that this spelling is a form of de Deyville. Therefore, the leading de is part of the proper form of the locative instead of a separate preposition. We have changed the name to Alexis Devile in order to register it.

The given name Alexis was documented only as the name of a Roman saint; there was some question whether this saint was known in England and whether Alexis was an appropriate English spelling. The form Alexis is found in John Barbour's Middle English translation of the Golden Legend, written in the 14th C. This work is found in Carl Horstman, Altenglische legenden (http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AFW1383.0001.001). This demonstrates that not only was the saint known in England, but that Alexis is an attested literary Middle English spelling for this name.

Amélie de Quessenet. Name change from Ameline de Quessenet.

Her old name, Ameline de Quessenet, is released.

Amicia Theudoric la Sauniere. Acceptance of transfer of badge from Caterina Amiranda della Quercia. (Fieldless) In pale a demi-dragon contourny sable issuant from a tankard reversed argent.

Amicia Theudoric la Sauniere. Acceptance of transfer of household name House Flagon and Dragon and badge from Caterina Amiranda della Quercia. Azure, three tankards and on a chief argent a dragon passant sable.

Amleth Rønebek. Name.

Atenveldt, Kingdom of. Badge (see RETURNS for order name Order of Atlas). Azure, a man in a short tunic kneeling on one knee argent, maintaining atop his shoulders a sun, a bordure indented Or.

Atenveldt, Kingdom of. Order name Order of the Beacon of the Desert.

The pattern Order of the [object] of the Desert is grandfathered to the Kingdom of Atenveldt.

Caterina Amiranda della Quercia. Transfer of badge to Amicia Theudoric la Sauniere. (Fieldless) In pale a demi-dragon contourny sable issuant from a tankard reversed argent.

Caterina Amiranda della Quercia. Transfer of household name House Flagon and Dragon and badge to Amicia Theudoric la Sauniere. Azure, three tankards and on a chief argent a dragon passant sable.

Caterina Amiranda della Quercia. Badge. (Fieldless) A dragonfly within and conjoined to an annulet sable.

Ceara O'Mally. Name.

Submitted as Kiera O'Malley, this is a resubmission of a name originally submitted twelve years ago. The submitted form was suggested by Laurel at that time. Even in September, 1994, this was a questionable suggestion (which was noted in the return at the time), and our knowledge of Irish and Anglicized Irish names has grown and changed since that time, as have the rules and customs concerning registration. There is no evidence that either element of this name is found in this spelling in period, therefore this suggested form is no longer registerable. Ó Corrain and Maguire, Irish Names, s.n. Cera, documents this as a saint's name and gives the Early Modern Irish form as Ceara. Woulfe, Irish Names and Surnames s.n. Ó Máille, gives O'Mally as an Anglicized form of this name from the Elizabethan/Stuart era. The submitter indicated that she was most interest in the sound of the name, so Ceara O'Mally is a registerable form nearly identical in sound to the submitted name. We have changed the name to this form in order to register it. This name mixes English and Gaelic in the same name; this is one step from period practice.

This submission raised the question about how long it is reasonable to honor naming suggestions made in past Laurel returns without requiring further documentation. We believe that only resubmissions made in a timely fashion should benefit from this privilege. As a very general guideline, three years, the standard warrant length of a Laurel Sovereign of Arms, is a reasonable definition for a timely resubmission for these purposes. However, our knowledge of names changes over time. It is not a steady growth, but tends to increase in leaps and spurts. Submitters should keep in mind that suggestions of registerable forms from Laurel are just that -- suggestions, and that consideration of resubmissions of any name that is returned for formation or documentation problems must be done on a case-by-case basis. It is always a good idea for a submitter to try to document any name they submit and demonstrate that they are consistent with the rules and precedents of the College of Arms, even those names suggested by Laurel in a return. Note that this does not apply to hardship situations. For submitters who can document continual activity on the submission over the intervening time period, we will honor the recommendations according to the normal rules for handling hardship cases.

Cécile de Brétigny. Badge. (Fieldless) A unicorn passant contourny gules.

Nice badge!

Christina de Kyncade. Name and device. Ermine, a catamount rampant azure charged upon the shoulder with a decrescent argent.

Submitted as Christíona Cinnicéid, both elements were documented from Woulfe, Irish Names and Surnames. Woulfe is a book of modern Irish names, although many of the names found there are consistent with period spellings. However, we have no examples of either spelling in period, and Woulfe does not suggest that either is found in period. Barring documentation that these are period forms, neither Christíona nor Cinnicéid are registerable. Talan Gwynek, "Feminine Given Names in A Dictionary of English Surnames" (http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/talan/reaney/) notes the spelling Christina with various dates in the 13th and 14th C. Black, The Surnames of Scotland s.n. Kincaid, has de Kyncade in 1450. Christina de Kyncade is a registerable form of this name with a nearly identical sound to the submitted name. We have changed the name to this form in order to register it.

Dana the Unredy. Device. Azure, four dolphins haurient two and two, those in base contourny, and in base a mullet argent.

Daniel de Foria. Name reconsideration from Daniel da Forio.

His old name, Daniel da Forio, is released.

Diamante Pellegrini. Name.

Dobronyi Ersebet. Name change from Elspeth Flannagann.

Submitted as Dobronyi Erzbet, Erzbet was suggested as a variant of Erzsébet, the modern Hungarian form of Elizabeth. Other than the submitted modern webpage, no documentation was found in suggest that the middle -e- was ever dropped in period forms of this name. Also, the -rzs- consonant cluster is problematic. Eastern Crown explains:

The loss of the middle vowel isn't the only problem with this given name; there's also the matter of that 'z'. The only period form of this name with this letter in it, in any of my sources, is the Latinized form "Elizabet(h)". The vernacular form very clearly acquired a 'zh' (s as in measure) or 'sh' sound pretty early on (see Fehértói p. 278 s.n. Elisabeth: 1288 Elishabet); both of these sounds are normally written as 's' in period Hungarian. The letter 'z' was used in period for the sounds 's' and 'z' (as in "see the zebra"), neither of which occur in the Hungarian form of Elizabeth. The closest I can get to the submitted spelling is Ersebet, which is dated to 1562/67, 1596 (twice), 1602, and 1605 in Walraven's "Hungarian Feminine Names".

We have changed the name to Dobronyi Ersebet to match the documentation and in order to register it.

Dobronyi is the submitter's legal surname.

Her old name, Elspeth Flannagann, is retained as an alternate name.

Domingo Marín de León. Device change. Per pale gules and azure, two suns and a lion statant Or.

Please advise the submitter to draw the suns larger.

His previous device, Per bend sinister azure and Or, a lion's head Or and a sun azure charged with a decrescent Or, is retained as a badge.

Dougal MacNeil. Name and device. Per pale sable and vert, two wolves combatant argent maintaining between them a goblet Or, a bordure argent semy of Maltese crosses sable.

The submitter requested authenticity for 11th C Scots Gaelic. However, both names here are in Middle Scots, a language similar to Middle English. The earliest documents we have in Middle Scots date to around 1375; therefore, we are unable to suggest a Middle Scots form of this name. This means that we will need to suggest a Gaelic form. While we do not have Scottish Gaelic versions of these names from his desired period, we do have Irish forms. In the 11th C, we would not expect Scottish Gaelic to be substantially different from Irish Gaelic, therefore, a name consistent with the rules of Middle Irish Gaelic (900-1200) would be appropriate in this case. Albion notes:

Mari's "Index of Names in the Irish Annals: Masculine Given Names" (http:// www.s-gabriel.org/names/mari/AnnalsIndex/Masculine/) has <Dubgall> in 980 and <Niall> in 971, 978, and 1057, so <Dubgall mac Neill> would be a reasonable 10th or 11th C Irish Gaelic name.

The submitter will not accept major changes, so we cannot change this name to an authentic Gaelic form as requested.

Einar Andersson. Device. Sable, on a bend cotised between a Viking longship reversed and a tankard reversed Or a sword gules.

Eyv{o,}r Halldórsdóttir. Name and device. Argent, a horse passant and a chief azure.

Please advise the submitter to draw the horse more obviously passant. As currently drawn it barely has one hoof raised, which could lead to confusion with a horse statant.

Fabio Ventura. Name and device. Per chevron sable and purpure, two wedges of cheese and in pall three goblets conjoined bases to center Or.

Florie Tay. Name change from Katherine Lamond.

Submitted as Flòraidh Tay, no documentation was submitted and none found to suggest that Flòraidh is a period Gaelic name. The source from which the name was documented is a list of "Celtic" baby names, and even this source does not claim that the name is found in period. Barring documentation that this spelling is found before 1650, it is not registerable. Talan Gwynek, "A List of Feminine Personal Names Found in Scottish Records", has the identical sounding Florie in 1190-1220 and in 1567. We have changed the name to Florie Tay in order to register it.

Her old name, Katherine Lamond, is retained as an alternate name.

Garrett Fitzpatrick. Device. Per chevron vert and argent, three annulets counterchanged.

Nice, simple armory.

German Schade. Name change from Jiraud Saint Germain.

His old name, Jiruad Saint Germain, is retained as an alternate name.

Hákon mj{o,}ksiglandi. Name and device. Gules, a seahorse erect contourny and on a chief indented argent three anchors azure.

Ingvarr h{o,}ggvandi Ósvaldsson. Name.

Jeneuer de Trethewy. Name and device. Argent, on a bend sinister vert between an inkwell and a quill pen bendwise sinister sable, three gouttes palewise Or.

Submitted as Jennifer_Trethewy, the submitter requested a name authentic for pre-16th C Cornwall. The submitted documentation has de Trethewy in 1297. An authentic name would require a Cornish form of Jennifer which was also dated to the 13th C. Reaney and Wilson, A Dictionary of English Surnames s.n. Jennifer has the metronymic Jeneuer in 1296; the name is originally from the Subsidy Rolls for Sussex. Sussex is not Cornwall, nor does it border Cornwall. However, both Cornwall and Sussex are on the southern coast of England. We have changed the name to Jeneuer de Trethewy, a fully 13th C name with a Cornish surname, to partially comply with the submitter's request for authenticity.

Jennifer of Atenveldt. Holding name and device (see RETURNS for name). Quarterly argent and vert, a Bowen knot crosswise counterchanged.

Her armory was submitted under the name Thorarna I Hiartt.

Johan of Hawksley. Device. Per fess embattled argent and Or, three bows reversed, drawn with arrows nocked, and a hawk striking contourny sable.

Johan of Hawksley. Badge. Or, in pale three bows reversed one and two, drawn with arrows nocked, and a hawk striking contourny sable.

Johann Wolfgang von Hesse. Device. Gules, three wolves' teeth issuant from sinister Or, a tierce bendy sinister sable and Or.

John Fair of Hawkwode. Name.

Jonathon von Trotha and Deille of Farnham. Joint badge for House Astrum Aureum. Per pale sable and gules, a compass rose Or within an orle of mullets argent.

This badge was not submitted on a standard form; the badge form was square. The use of non-standard forms can be grounds for return. In this case, we are accepting the submission as a square was used to clearly differentiate between mullets in annulo and an orle of mullets. We also note that the new badge form, which was not available when this was submitted, is square.

Juan Diego Drago. Name.

Katharina von Marburg. Device. Per bend gules and sable, on a bend Or three griffins segreant palewise sable.

Kathleen O'Ferrall. Name and device. Per bend sinister sable and vert, a mullet of seven points and an owl argent.

Submitted as Kathleen O'Farrell, the submitted documentation, Woulfe, Irish Names and Surnames s.n. Ó Fearghail, shows O'Ferrall as the Anglicized spelling for this name from the time of Elizabeth I - James I. We have changed the name to Kathleen O'Ferrall to match the documentation.

Kathleen is an SCA-compatible English and Anglicized Irish name.

Léot mac Grigair. Name and device. Gules, in chief three bones and in base an escarbuncle of six arms argent.

Submitted as Léot MacGregor, as submitted, the name is two steps from period practice. First, it mixes Gaelic and Scots or Anglicized Gaelic. Second, there is a more than 300 year gap between the 12th C date of the given name and the late 16th C date given for the byname. Luckily, the submitter requested authenticity for Scottish Gaelic and accepted all changes. Sharon Krossa, "Scottish Gaelic Given Names", notes a normalized Scottish Gaelic Griogair and dates the form Grigair to 1467. Changing the byname to the Scottish Gaelic mac Grigair removes both the lingual and temporal problems found in the originally submitted form. We have changed the name to Léot mac Grigair, a fully Scottish Gaelic form, to fulfill his request for authenticity and in order to register it.

Léot mac Grigair. Badge. Gules, three bones in fess argent.

Maeleachlainn Ó Canannain. Name and device. Gules, a sheaf of swords within an orle Or.

Submitted as Malachie_Cannan, the submitter requested a name authentic for 15th-17th C Scottish/Irish. The spelling Malachie is found as biblical name which correspond to the modern Malachi; Wycliffe's translation of the Bible, done in the 14th C has the book of Malachie. Both Withycombe, The Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names and Ó Corrain and Maguire, Irish Names note that Malachy is the Anglicization of an Irish name; Ó Corrain and Maguire note that name as either Máel Máedóc or Máel Sechnaill. This same work, s.n. Máel Sechnaill, notes the modern spelling Máelechlainn. The Annals of the Four Masters have the name Maeleachlainn mac Taidhcc mic Ruaidhri in 1536. In the English translation (which dates to the 19th C), this name is rendered as Malachy mac Teige mac Rory. The byname, Cannan is documented from Reaney and Wilson, A Dictionary of English Surnames, as a Manx variant of the Irish name Mac Cannanain. The Annals of the Four Masters has a Uí Chanannain in 1250, and Woulfe, Irish Names and Surnames, s.n. Ó Canannáin shows several Anglicized forms from the late 16th/early 17th C. An appropriate 16th C Irish form of this name would be Maeleachlainn Ó Canannain; we have changed the name to this form to fulfill the submitter's request for authenticity. We note that the name Malachie Cannan is registerable, but it is not an authentic Irish name as the submitter requested.

If the submitter is interested in an authentic 16th C Anglicized version of this name, Rowel has found several period forms of Maeleachlainn, including Melaghlyn and Moyllaghlin in 1570, and Melaghhn in 1603-4. The earlier forms are from indentures transcribed in footnotes from John O'Donovan, Annals of Ireland, by the Four Masters, volume 5, p. 1651, while the latter form is from C. L'Estrange Ewen, A History of Surnames of the British Isles, p. 210. Woulfe, Irish Names and Surnames, s.n. Mac Canann lists M'Cannan as an Elizabethan/Stuart form of the name, while s.n. Ó Canann, he lists O Cannan from the same time period. A name combining any of these forms would be an authentic 16th C Anglicized Gaelic form for this name.

Marion Ross. Device. Argent, a horse salient azure and a demi-sun issuant from base sable.

Marion Ross. Badge. (Fieldless) A demi-horse salient azure.

Mathias Haubrich. Name and device. Per chevron checky vert and Or and vert, a chevron argent and in base a cross potent Or.

Haubrich is his legal surname.

Merrick Dowling. Name.

There was some question whether the submitted form of this name was registerable. Woulfe, Irish Names and Surnames, s.n. Ó Dúnlaing, shows O Dowling as an Elizabethan or Jacobian Anglicization of this name, but he shows no period Anglicized forms of this name without the patronymic marker. However, Rowel notes that by the end of the 16th C, Anglicizations of Irish surnames start to drop the patronymic marker. She notes these examples from Woulfe.:

p. 492 s.n. Ó Dáire Derriroe

p. 552 s.n. Ó hAireac.taig. Harrity

p. 606 s.n. Ó Maolc.luic.e Mulclahy

p. 609 s.n. Ó Maolf.ac.tna Mullaghny, Meloughna

p. 618 s.n. Ó Móirín Moreen

p. 634 s.n. Ó Rog.allaig. Rolley

p. 634 s.n. Ó Rot.láin Roolane

p. 644 s.n. Ó Sionáin Shinane, Shynane

Therefore, the submitted form follows a documented pattern for late period Anglicized Irish names as so is registerable.

This name combines Welsh and Anglicized Irish; this is one step from period practice.

Michael mac Tigernaig. Name and device. Quarterly azure and argent, an enfield rampant Or and a bordure counterchanged.

Submitted as Michael mac Tigernaich, the correct genitive form of the name Tigernach is Tigernaig. The name is Middle Irish. In Middle Irish, nouns ending in -ach in the nominative form typically change to -aig in the genitive form. We have changed the name to Michael mac Tigernaig to correct the grammar.

Michael is the submitter's legal given name.

Orlaith Bradden. Name.

This name mixes Gaelic and English; this is one step from period practice.

Remus Xenos. Name and device. Per saltire sable and argent, in fess a mask of tragedy and a mask of comedy vert ribboned gules.

Rígán mac Ferchair. Name and device. Argent, two dragons combatant and a dragon passant sable, all detailed and breathing flames gules.

Robert William Makintoshe. Name and device. Per chevron Or and azure, two apples gules, slipped and leaved vert, and an eagle rising contourny Or.

This name uses a double given name as part of a Scots name; this is one step from period practice. If the submitter is interested in an authentic 16th C Scots name, we advise dropping one or the other of the given names. We note that both Robert and William are common Scottish names.

Romanus Rodrigo. Device. Per pale azure and argent, two double-bitted axes counterchanged.

Nice device.

Sarra Garrett. Name and device. Or, an oak sprig fesswise reversed proper and a chief gules.

Snorri inn hávi. Name.

Temurmaghad Ghubiyan. Name and device. Gules, a ram's head erased between nine lozenges in annulo argent.

Titus Antonius Agrippa. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Submitted as Titus Antonius Agrippa Romanees, no documentation was submitted and none found for the element Romanees. Barring documentation for this element, and documentation showing that it is in the appropriate grammatical form, it is not registerable. We have changed the name to Titus Antonius Agrippa _ in order to register it.

Ulbrecht vom Walde. Device. Per fess Or and vert, three trees eradicated and two lozenges counterchanged.

Valbj{o,}rn Hrútsson. Name.

Vallaulfr Rurikson. Badge (see RETURNS for joint badge with Cécile de Brétigny ). Azure, two wolves dormant respectant and on a chief indented argent a mullet azure.

Vikarr feilan. Name.

Violet Elliott. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Yngvarr Óttuson. Name and device. Quarterly sable and azure, a stag rampant argent and a bordure ermine.

Submitted as Yngvarr Ottoson, the submitter requested an authentic Norse name. Haraldson, The Old Norse Name gives the form Ótta; the appropriate patronymic form of this name is Óttuson. We have changed the name to Yngvarr Óttuson to fulfill his request for authenticity.

Please advise the submitter to draw the stag's neck longer.

Ysabel Glyn Dwr. Name and device. Per saltire argent and vert, in pale a tree eradicated proper and a bear statant erect affronty sable.

ATLANTIA

Achbar ibn Ali. Badge. Per fess Or and sable, a bear rampant and a doumbek counterchanged.

Aillenn Dílis ingen Néll. Device. Per fess azure and vert, a crescent pendant argent and an oak leaf fesswise Or.

Alexandra Shipman. Device. Purpure, on a pall inverted between three unicorns rampant Or a triquetra braced with an annulet purpure.

Allegranza Marcovaldi. Device change. Sable, a bear's head erased argent charged on the neck with a crescent gules and on a chief argent three escallops gules.

The submitter's previous device, Purpure, a bear's head couped and on a chief Or three escallops purpure, is retained as a badge.

Ana Beig de Rosslyn. Device. Azure, on a bend between two crosses crosslet argent, three crescents sable.

Ansel Rowland Matthews. Name.

The submitter requested authenticity for late 16th C English and accepted no changes. While he has documented the form Ansell to the late 16th C, the documentation for the spelling Ansel is from 1327. Ansel is a rare name. While it is possible that Ansel is a legitimate 16th C form, we would advise the submitter that, if he wants to be sure he's using a 16th C form of this name, to use the spelling Ansell.

Antoine Francesco. Name.

This name mixes French and Italian; this is one step from period practice.

The submitter requested an authentic French name but accepted only minor changes. The byname Francesco is Italian. Colm Dubh, "An Index to the Given Names in the 1292 Census of Paris" has a Lape François and Maaline la Françoise. If the submitter is interested in an authentic 13th C French name, we recommend Antoine François and Antoine le François.

Arnóra hrafn Óláfsdóttir. Name change from Isabeau Cranach.

Her old name, Isabeau Cranach, is released.

Brian de Messina. Name change from Nicholas d'Avignon.

His old name, Nicholas d'Avignon, is released.

Brigit Chaimbeul. Device. Vert, a chevron inverted between a phoenix and three cinquefoils argent.

Caterina da Calimera. Name.

The submitter requested a name authentic for 14th C Italy. The village of Calimera certainly existed in her period, and there is no reason to believe this placename is not found in period. However, without examples from this period, we are unable to guarantee that this name is authentic.

Catherine Grace Fitzlewis. Name.

Nice 16th C English name.

Charles O'Connor. Name change from Charles Stewart O'Connor.

His old name, Charles Stewart O'Connor, is released.

Collwen ferch Dafydd Caerllion. Name change from Collwen ferch Dafydd ab Ifan.

Her old name, Collwen ferch Dafydd ab Ifan, is released.

Elys Storm. Name.

Nice 13th C English name!

Fearghus mac Domhnaill. Device. Azure, on a bend Or between two bears rampant argent three sheaves of arrows palewise sable.

Flora de la Vega. Name.

Furayja bint al-Husayn. Name and device. Per pale gules and Or, a butterfly counterchanged.

The submitter requested an authentic Persian name. The name here is Arabic, not Persian. However, the summarized documentation notes:

While the submitter requested authenticity for Persian, names in Arabic appear in period Persia as noted by Uckelman and Georges in "Persian Feminine Names from the Safavid Period": "The Islamic conquests of the seventh century made Arabic the language of the elite; Arabic also replaced Persian as a written language. Later, an Islamicized Persian ruling class revived Persian as a literary language, but this new literature used the Arabic script, rather than the old alphabet. After 1000 AD, Persia was pressed by wave after wave of invasions from central Asia, including the Seljuk Turks and the Mongols. Thus, medieval Persian names could have ancient Persian, Arabic, or Turkish sources; in particular, Islam had a strong influence on Persian name choices." (www.s-gabriel.org/names/ ursula/persian.html).

So, while it is not unreasonable to expect this name might have been used in Persia, it is not Persian language and it does not use a native Persian naming pattern. The name is not authentic for Persian, but it is not unreasonable to say it is likely authentic for Persia.

Graçia Esperança de Sevilla. Name and device. Per bend sinister azure and sable, a bend sinister plain cotised wavy between two quavers argent.

Joscelin d'Outremer. Device. Per pale gules and argent, a lozenge counterchanged.

Nice device.

Judith Webbestre. Name change from Siubhan inghean Alasdair.

Her old name, Siubhan inghean Alasdair, is retained as an alternate name.

Julienne fille Gaspard. Device. Per pale sable and azure, two chevronels ployé between three doves displayed argent.

The use of any bird displayed, other than an eagle, is considered one step from period practice. Please advise the submitter that the per pale line should be removed from the chevrons and the bottommost dove.

Juste ormstunga. Name.

Submitted as Justi Ormstunga, this name combines the Provencal Justi with the Old Norse ormstunga. The name was pended in March, 2006, to allow discussion of whether there was substantial contact between cultures that spoke the early Scandinavian dialects represented by Old Norse and the Provencal speaking cultures of southern France. The additional commenting phase produce no proof of substantial contact between these cultures. Therefore, barring documentation of substantial contact between peoples who spoke these languages, such combinations are not registerable. Colm Dubh, "An Index to the Given Names in the 1292 Paris Census" lists a Juste l'espicier; names combining French and Old Norse are registerable although a step from period practice. In addition, precedent states the descriptive bynames in Old Norse may only be registered in all lowercase; ormstunga is a descriptive byname meaning "snake's tongue". We have changed the name to Juste ormstunga in order to register it. If the submitter is interested in a completely Old Norse form of this name, we suggest Jósteinn ormstunga. Both elements of this name are found in Haraldson, The Old Norse Name.

Lidia de Ragusa. Device. Per bend sinister azure and argent, a sun in splendor Or and a fox passant azure.

Maienca da Sorrento. Name.

The submitter requested an authentic Catalan/Italian name. Indeed, this name combines a Catalan given name with an Italian byname. The submitter documents that the town of Sorrento was under Spanish rule during part of period. However, no documentation was submitted and none found to suggest that the name Maienca was ever used in Italy or is found recorded in this spelling in Italian. In the same line, da Sorrento is an Italian form which would not be found in Spanish language documents. For an authentic name, the name would be an either an all Italian form or an all Catalan form.

This name mixes Catalan and Italian; this is one step from period practice.

Megge of Ellington. Name.

Nice 13th C English name.

Miriel Crawford. Name and device. Per bend sinister argent and azure, a horse rampant counterchanged and in chief three hurts.

Nice 13th C Scottish name.

Otto von Schwyz. Badge. (Fieldless) A sea-lion per fess argent and purpure.

Peter Hawkyns. Badge. (Fieldless) A portcullis sable.

Classic badge.

Ponte Alto, Barony of. Award name Onore del Ponte d'Argento.

Ponte Alto, Barony of. Award name Onore del Ponte d'Oro.

Ponte Alto, Barony of. Badge (see RETURNS for order name Onore del Ponte di Ferro). Per fess Or and sable, a single-arched bridge and a sword inverted counterchanged.

Reyne Morgane. Name change from Raghnailt Morgane.

Her old name, Raghnailt Morgane, is released.

Reyne Telarius. Badge. Per chevron purpure and vert, a sheaf of arrows inverted within a bordure argent.

Rycharde Muir. Name.

Sasaki no Kiyomori. Name.

Savine de Cressy. Device. Purpure, a butterfly bendwise sinister and a chief argent.

Sláine Fhionn. Name.

Violetta Catalina de la Mar. Name reconsideration from Violante Catalina de la Mar.

Her old name, Violante Catalina de la Mar, is released.

Wymon of Ellington. Name.

CAID

Blase di Angelo. Device. Checky argent and gules, a legless wyvern displayed and a chief sable.

The primary charge was blazoned as a legless dragon on the LoI. Precedent states:

There is a CD ... difference in type between a python and a dragon. While there are areas where dragons and wyverns were artistic variants of one another, and there are areas where wyverns and pythons were artistic variants of each other, there are no areas where pythons are artistic variants of four legged dragons. Because of this, and because there is a distinct visual difference between them, we can grant a significant, although not substantial difference between a dragon and a python. [Diolach Macaree, 05/01, A-Æthelmearc]

We have blazoned this as a legless wyvern, rather than a dragon, in order to more accurately describe the emblazon in order to protect the design from conflict with all the plausible charge types. We have not blazoned it as a pithon since it has a wyvern's (or dragon's) crest and a tail normally associated with a dragon.

Chad MacBean. Name and device. Sable, flaunches argent.

Ekwall, The Oxford Dictionary of English Placenames, s.n. Chadkirk, notes a Chadkyrke in 1534 and notes the derivation is "church of Saint Chad." As a saint's name noted in an English context, the name Chad is registerable in an English or Scots name as a saint's name.

Nice device.

Franchesca MacBeth. Device change. Vert, a Gothic capital letter "M" Or and a base embattled argent masoned sable.

The LoI failed to note that this was a change of device. Her old device, Vert, a Gothic capital letter M Or, a bordure indented argent pellety, is retained as a badge.

Talitha le Barde. Device. Argent, a chevron sable between two thistles proper and a chalice gules.

This device is clear of Moire nic Greagair's device, Argent, a chevron sable between two oak trees eradicated and a thistle proper. There is a CD for changing the type of all the secondary charges and another for changing the tincture of half the secondary charges (from a mostly vert thistle to a gules chalice). This is also clear of Anthea MacGillivray of Cairnagad's device, Argent, a chevron sable between two sprigs of rowan vert, fructed gules, and a lynx in summer phase sejant erect proper, perched on a horn fesswise vert. [Lynx canadensis]. There is a CD for changing the type of all the secondary charges and another for changing the tincture of the bottommost charge, which is considered to be half the charge group.

A question was raised whether or not the tincture change to the bottommost charge could be counted since the Glossary of Terms notes "The bottommost of three charges arranged two and one, either alone on the field or surrounding a central ordinary such as a fess or chevron, is defined as half of that charge group. However, no more than one difference may be obtained by making changes to that bottommost charge". As a CD was granted for changing the type of all the secondaries, commenters thought that perhaps the tincture change couldn't count. However, the limitation applies only when changes are made solely to the bottommost charges. Thus against the hypothetical device, Argent, a chevron sable between three thistles proper there is only one CD - that for changing the type of the bottommost charge (from a thistle to a chalice) or that from changing its tincture (from vert to gules). You cannot get two CDs for multiple changes to the bottommost charge of three charges arranged two and one. However, when one of the CDs is for changing the type of all the charges, not just the bottommost one, a second CD can be obtained for changing the tincture of the bottommost charge alone. We also note that the charges in chief and the charge in base can be considered separately, since each is considered half the charge group, as long as the CDs are derived from different types of changes.

CALONTIR

Alexandra Vazquez de Granada. Name.

Submitted as Alejandra Vazquez de Granada, the given name was documented from de Love, Nombres Propios Españoles. This book is a baby name book; forms that do not have actual citations of the name in use in Spain in period are almost certainly modern. In addition, the spelling Alejandra was ruled unregisterable in March, 2005:

Submitted as Alejandra Maria de Granada, no documentation was submitted and none found that the spellings Alejandro or Alejandra were found in period. The name Alexandre is the normal Spanish masculine form of this name. While no feminine form of this name is found in period, the spelling Alexandra follows a pattern of feminizing masculine names in Spanish. Examples from Juliana de Luna, "Spanish Names from the Late 15th C" include Felipe/Felipa, Francisco/Francisca, and Geronimo/Geronima. Therefore, we have changed the name to Alexandra Maria de Granada in order to register it." [Alexandra Maria de Granada, March 2005]

We have changed the name to Alexandra Vazquez de Granada in order to register it.

Ardovino Dragonetti. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Eldric Tristram. Name.

Elizabeth Joscelyne. Name and device (see PENDS for badge). Or semy of letters "B", a beehive azure, a bordure gules.

Juliana Harp. Name and device. Per bend sinister argent and sable, a bend sinister cotised between two lions sejant respectant all counterchanged.

Karl Arnaldsson. Name and device. Argent, a raven displayed and on a chief engrailed sable three Thor's hammers argent.

The use of any bird displayed, other than an eagle, is considered one step from period practice.

Maelgwn Pen. Name.

Nathaniel Lennox. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Oláfr Røriks son. Name and device. Per chevron gules and azure, two axes bendwise sinister reversed and a foaming drinking horn argent.

Ruaidhrí mac Domhnaill. Name and device. Sable, on a pale engrailed cotised plain argent a wolf rampant contourny sable.

Submitted as Ruaidhrí mac Dómhnaill, neither Ó Corrain and Maguire, Irish Names nor Mari Elspeth nic Bryan's article, "Index of Names in Irish Annals:Domnall/Domhnall" (http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/mari/AnnalsIndex/Masculine/Domnall.shtml) show an accent in the name Domhnall. We have changed the name to Ruaidhrí mac Dommhnaill to match the documentation.

DRACHENWALD

Bi{o,}rn inn væni. Name.

Katherine of Glastonbury. Name.

Katheryn Hebenstreitz. Name change from Katarzyna Wilkowa.

Her old name, Katarzyna Wilkowa, is released.

EALDORMERE

Aron of Ealdormere. Name and device. Per pale purpure and argent, two wolf's heads erased, addorsed, and conjoined counterchanged and a bordure embattled per pale argent and sable.

Harrowgate Heath, Canton of. Branch name and device. Azure, a tower within a laurel wreath and on a chief embattled Or four mullets azure.

Samuel of Ealdormere. Badge. Per bend sinister gules and sable, an annulet within a bordure Or.

Please advise the submitter to draw the bordure wider.

EAST

Aildreda de Tamworthe. Name (see RETURNS for device).

The name Aildreda was, apparently, documented from Talan Gwynek, "Feminine Given Names in A Dictionary of English Surnames" (http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/talan/reaney/). The summary said the name was "found dated to 1206 in R&W s.n. Audrey." However, the name Aildreda is not found under the surname Audrey, and there is no other name under that surname dated to 1206. An examination of the name in Talan's article reveals why: the source for the name Aildreda is not Reaney and Wilson, A Dictionary of English Surnames. The source is listed as (S); according to the introduction to this article, (S) means the name is from The Anglo-Saxon Heritage in Middle English Personal Names: East Anglia, 1100-1399 by Bo Steltén. This is an example of why it is important to note whether the name is documented directly from Reaney and Wilson or documented from Talan's index to that work -- the index includes some names that are not in Reaney and Wilson.

Alana O'Keeve. Name and device. Vert, three snails Or.

Submitted as Alana O'Keeffe, the surname is documented from Woulfe, Irish Names and Surnames s.n. Ó Caoimh. However, that listing has O'Keeffe as a modern Anglicization; the only period Anglicization shown in that entry is O'Keeve. We have changed the name to Alana O'Keeve in order to register it.

Alida dei Conti. Name change from holding name Alida of the East.

The name Alida dei Conti was registered 09/2004. However, the LoI where the name was submitted did not note that this was a change of holding name from Alida of the East. We are making that correction here.

Angus Kerr. Badge. (Fieldless) A spearhead bendy Or and sable.

Angus MacGregur of Black Rose. Name and device. Per pale gules and vert, a lion couchant within a bordure embattled argent.

As documented, the name appears to be a step from period practice since there is a nearly 400 year gap between the 1204 dated for Angus and the 1600 date for MacGregur. However, the name Angus is also found in the 16th C in Scotland (indeed through most of period). Black, The Surnames of Scotland s.n. Macalaster, lists an Angus McAlester in 1600. Thus, the names are temporally compatible.

Apollonia von Kriegsfeld. Name change from holding name Karen von Kreigsfeld.

Arelinda Poincelin. Alternate name Auguste Herbert and badge. Argent, a flamingo close and on a chief gules, three lilies argent.

Stork-like birds, such as a flamingo, are often drawn with one foot raised. This is an unblazoned artistic detail.

Ása in svarta. Name and device. Quarterly Or and azure, a spoon and a hammer in saltire counterchanged.

Auria d'Abruzzi. Name.

Submitted as Aria d'Abruzzi, the name Aria is a hypothetical feminine form of the masculine name Ario who was, according to de Felice, Dizionario dei nomi Italiani, a "Roman martyr during the reign of Diocletian." However, we have no evidence that Ario or Aria was used after the Roman period. However, Maridonna Benvenuti, "Feminine Names in Southern Italy" (http://www.maridonna.com/onomastics/FEMSI/FEMSIintro.htm) dates a similar sounding feminine name, Auria, to the 13th C. We have changed the name to the attested Auria d'Abruzzi in order to register it.

Batujin Negan. Name.

Bertrand Valois. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Birna rauð. Device. Or, on a chief vert three ducks naiant to sinister Or.

Bjarki inn stuttskeggi. Name and device. Sable, a drakkar argent and in base a snail Or, a bordure wavy argent.

Submitted as Bjarki the Short Beard, the submitter requested that the byname be translated into Old Norse. While we know of no existing Old Norse byname meaning "short beard", it can be easily constructed. Cleasby/Vigfusson, An English Icelandic Dictionary s.v. Skegg, notes that skegg is the Icelandic word for "beard". They have various nicknames involving the word skegg including fl{o,}ska-skegg "bottle-beard a nickname form the Landnámabók" (s.n. flaska), tjúga-skegg "fork-beard" (s.v. tjúga), and moð-skegg "hay-beard", also from Landnámabók (s.v. moð). The word stutt "short" or "scant" is found in the name work s.n. stutt; this listing includes the compound stutt-leitr "short faced". Combined the two give stuttskegg. This is the strong adjectival form, but the submitter asked for a translation with a definite article; this requires the weak adjectival form which would be inn stuttskeggi. We have changed the name to Bjarki inn stuttskeggi as requested by the submitter.

Bronwen merch Athruis. Name and device. Gules, in pale a fret and a Celtic cross argent.

The name Bronwen is an SCA-compatible Welsh name.

Cal mac Mailcon. Name (see RETURNS for device).

The submitter requested an authentic 9th C Pictish name. The elements in this name are all documented as in use in such names, but all dated to the 8th C. Given we have no 9th C examples, we cannot say whether this name is authentic for the submitter's requested period.

Calgacus of Bhakail. Holding name and device (see RETURNS for name). Azure, a griffin statant to sinister within a bordure argent.

Submitted under the name Calgacus Etharnan.

Ciana da Fortuna. Name and device. Azure, two bottlenosed dolphins haurient respectant and in chief three cups Or.

Conchobar mac Mainchín Ui Laoidhigh. Name.

Submitted as Conchobar mac Mainchin Ó Laoidhigh, the documented form of the first patronymic is Mainchín. Precedent holds accents in Gaelic names must be used consistently or dropped consistently. In addition, Gaelic grammar requires that the patronymic marker in the clan name (the second byname) be in the genitive case. We have changed the name to Conchobar mac Mainchín Ui Laoidhigh to apply the accents consistently and correct the grammar.

There was some question whether the name Mainchín had the same spelling in its genitive form as in its nominative form; in fact, it does. The Annals of the Four Masters in an entry for 1573 show Cille Mainchin "Mainchin's Church". We note that accents are often omitted in names found in this Annal, so the lack of accent here is not unexpected.

Constance of Whitebirch. Device. Or, a greyhound statant azure collared sable within a bordure azure.

Cynuise ó Cianáin of Bardsea. Badge. (Fieldless) In pale an eagle's foot couped sustaining a hanging balance sable.

Cyrene Valeria. Name and device. Per fess azure and sable, a chevron between a decrescent and a compass star argent.

Cyrene is the submitter's legal middle name. As it is a given name by type, it is registerable as a given name under the legal name allowance.

Damaris MacRobb. Name and device. Per bend sinister argent and Or, a quill pen bendwise vert distilling a goutte de sang.

David Ludwig. Name and device. Quarterly gules and argent, in bend two elephant's heads couped contourny proper.

Nice late 15th C German name!

Edward Grey of Lochleven. Name.

The submitter requested a name authentic to mid-15th C English/Scottish name. Lochleven is a modern spelling for this place, although one that is consistent with similar names found in the 13th C and 16th C. However, we have no examples of this name in the 15th C, so we are unable to guarantee that the submitted form is authentic for the 15th C. If the submitter is interested in a fully 16th C form of this name, we suggest Edward Grey of Lochlevin. Palimpsest noted an online transcription of a document signed in 1560 where the name of this place is listed as Lochlevin (http://www.electricscotland.com/history/articles/deed.htm).

Edwin the Unwyse. Name and device. Argent, a menorah sable.

There was some question whether unwyse was a reasonable Middle English byname. Reaney and Wilson, A Dictionary of English Surnames, s.n. Unready, lists a John Unwyse dictus Kypard in 1316.

Eiríkr ístrumagi Bjarnarson. Name.

Submitted as Eirikr ístrumagi Bjarnarson, the source for the given name, Haraldson, The Old Norse Name, lists the name as Eiríkr. Precedent holds that accents in Old Norse names must be used consistently or dropped consistently in a name. As the accent is used in ístrumagi, we have added it back into the given name.

Eleanor Lebrun. Name and device (see RETURNS for badge). Per saltire Or and vert, a saltire between four hummingbirds volant to sinister wings addorsed all counterchanged.

Eoghan Bastard mac Lachlainn. Name.

This name mixes Gaelic and English; this is one step from period practice.

Erich Quik. Name.

This name does not conflict with Arioch the Quick; the names are significantly different in sound and appearance. We believe that Arioch is pronounced with three syllables. It is a Latin spelling found in the Clementine Vulgate Bible, and io is not usually a diphthong in Latin. Erich has only two syllables. In addition, the initial vowel sounds are different.

Esztelneki Zwzanna. Name.

Nice 16th C Hungarian feminine name.

Étaín ingen uí Chommáin. Device. Per pale argent and sable, two rats combatant counterchanged.

Eularia Trewe. Name.

Fergus Gove. Name and device. Argent, a smith's tongs sable, on a chief embattled azure three loaves of bread Or.

The submitter indicated that he desired the sound "Fehr-gus Goh-va". While "Fehr-gus" is a reasonable approximation of the pronunciation for Fergus, it is unlikely that Gove is pronounced "Goh-va". The name Gove is Scots. In Middle Scots, the letters u, v, and w are often used interchangeably and tend to represent the same sound. The correct pronunciation is most likely \GAHu\ (like "ow"). However, many SCA folks faced with the submitted spelling will, most likely, pronounce the name as the submitter desires.

Fiametta Cingaretti. Name.

Submitted as Fiametta Zingaretti, the submitter requested authenticity for Sicilian language/culture. The submitted name is certainly registerable, but none of the documentation shows the names as specifically Sicilian. While we have been unable to find a recorded instance of the name Fiametta in Sicily, there are Sicilian versions of the byname. Maridonna Benvenuti notes:

I did find Cingari which is also in Caracausi. Caracausi used the Palermo 1480 as a source. Caracausi, Girolamo, Dizionario Onomastico della Sicilia, two vols., (Palermo: 1994), s.n. Cingari, da ant. it. cingaro 'zingaro'; cfr. Bartholomeu Cingari a.1480 e il top. Cingari a.1398.

My translation, 'Cingari from old Italian cingaro 'gypsy'; compare to Bartholomeu Cingari a.1480 and the toponym Cingari a.1398.'

Caracausi has a Zingarello but there is no date. There is no Zingaretti.

Albion notes that "since <-etti> is a standard diminutive suffix in Italian, I wouldn't be surprised if <Cingaretti> was a suitable Sicilian form of the byname." We agree, and have changed the name to Fiametta Cingaretti to partially satisfy her request for an authentic Sicilian name.

Francesco Gaetano Greco d'Edessa. Badge. Per saltire gules and argent, a cross potent counterchanged within a bordure Or.

Francesco Gaetano Greco d'Edessa. Badge. Azure, two batons in saltire between four crosses crosslet argent.

Franqueite du Grandchamp. Name and device. Argent, on a bend sinister gules between an escallop vert and a thistle proper a horse's head couped Or.

The byname du Grandchamp is grandfathered to the submitter, who is the child of Stephan du Grandchamp (name registered July 1984) and Ellen du Grandchamp (name registered April 1990).

Franz Gottfried der Pfalzer. Name and device. Azure, a pale between six garbs argent.

Submitted as Franz Gottfried vonder Pfalz, the locative byname was taken from commentary on the name Pfalzer in Brechenmacher, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Deutschen Familiennamen. The commentary does not support this form of byname, though. It is likely that this form is presumptuous; all examples of the name von der Pfalz that were turned up in commentary were borne by one of the Counts Palatine of the Rhine. Because the submitter says that he cares most about the sound of the name, a form of the locative byname that includes the article seems in order. "Almosenamt" (http://bhgw20.kfunigraz.ac.at) shows a list of transcribed documents dated between 1299 and 1400 found in the Regensberg city archive. Document 139, dated to 1400, has a Haymeram der Hamperger (the modern transcription shows this as Emmeram Hamberger). Document 130, dated 1397 has Mathews der Ranttinger; Bahlow/Gentry, German Names, s.n. Ranniger, says that name is likely to derive from the placename Randing. Document 136 has Anna dy Holnstaynerynn. This supports the form der Pfalzer. We have changed the name to Franz Gottfried_der Pfalzer in order to register it.

Nice device.

Freygerðr in stórráða Halladóttir. Name and device. Azure, a rabbit sejant erect reguardant and in chief a needle fesswise argent.

Genevieve Cranwell. Name and device. Azure, a crane in its vigilance argent and a base argent masoned azure.

The submitter indicated that she was interested in the sound \JIN-ev-rah\, but that she preferred the spelling Genevieve. Please inform that submitter that this spelling does not have her desired pronunciation. As we know of no English or French form of this name that will produce the desired sound, we cannot suggest a better alternative.

Gillian de Whittemere. Name (see RETURNS for device).

Gillian MacLachlan de Holrode. Device. Per bend embowed counter-embowed azure and argent, two bear's paws couped aversant counterchanged.

Woodward, p. 222, gives an example of lion's paws and states "a lion's paw is cut off at the middle joint, and is usually shown erect as in fig. 8, the coat of Usher of Featherstone: Argent, three lion's paws couped and erect sable." The paws are facing dexter as if clawing something. Parker, pp. 282-3 gives a similar definition and another example of lion's paws, this time erased. Given these examples, a bear's paw is registerable. Having the paws aversant, as in this submission, reduces their identifiability, but not fatally.

Gisela Szabo. Name and device. Purpure, two chevronels braced and in chief a dragonfly argent.

Gisele Flambeau. Badge. Gules, a flame within a bordure Or.

Guinemar d'Anglade. Device. Azure, three plates in chief within a bordure argent.

Gülüg-jab Tangghudai. Household name Mönggülïg Ordu.

This was listed on both the paperwork and the LoI as a resubmission of a household name that was returned in April 2003. The name submitted here is identical to the one returned at this time but it is accompanied by additional documentation. Therefore, this should be considered an appeal rather than a resubmission.

The original submission was returned for two problems. First, there was some question whether the designator Ordu, which is usually translated "horde", was used to refer to a group of people smaller than a nation. Palimpsest provides citations that show this word used for smaller groups of people:

<Ordu> is clearly used to refer to a variety of levels, not just groups as large as the Golden Horde. William of Rubruck's thirteenth century Account of the Mongols (<http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/rubruck.html>) describes visiting literally dozens of distinct <ordu>, saying things like: "The ordu of a rich Mo'al seems like a large town, though there will be very few men in it."..."In truth, however, [one man] intended to kill [the other], and to exterminate all his ordu." So it's clear that <ordu> doesn't just refer to something nation-sized.

From this it seems that ordu refers to a large family unit or tribal unit. As such, its use should be appropriate as a designator for Mongol household names.

The second issues is that the meaning attributed to the submitted name, "Silver Horde", did not follow a pattern found in medieval Mongol ordu names. The pattern for such names appears to be [personal name] + ordu. Therefore, the submitter needs to demonstrate that Mönggülïg is a reasonable transliteration of a period Mongol given name. The submitter asserts that this is an alternative (and, he believes, more accurate) transliteration of the name Munglig, which is found as a personal name in The Secret History of The Mongols (Francis Cleaves, translator):

"Munglig" and "Monggulig" (or more properly "Mu:nglig" and "Mo:nggu:lig") are the exact same word. Let me explain the origin of this discrepancy and which is a more accurate transliteration.

"Monggu", the root of "Monggulig" (consider these to always need umlauts as well) is pronounced in Mongol with the final vowel muted, more at "Mong" and this muting is carried over to "Monggulig" having the same vowel muting to a pronunciation more at "Mong-lig". (Dash added to show syllable break) Note that a similar muting of a final 'u' occurs in "Ordu" being pronounced, and spelled in modern Mongol, as "Ord".

Now, why do some transliterations have umlauts over the 'u' or 'o' and others do not? Simple ignorance, sometimes intentionally. There are two distinct vowels in (Middle or modern) Mongol that can be represented by the letter 'o' in Latin letters and can only be distinguished by the addition of an umlaut for the one that is a front of the mouth or "feminine" sound. The same situation exists for 'u'. This is so important to Mongol grammar that when they adopted the Cyrillic alphabet from the Russians, they added two additional vowels to cover these. They are different vowels that spell different words. For example, "Uul" (mountain) and "U:u:l" (cloud) are two different words distinguished only by the umlauts, as is the case with "Od" (star) and "O:d" (feather) all such distinctions and definitions would be lost by dropping the umlauts from the transliteration. However, such letters, while common in German, are uncommon in English usage of Latin letters and would be confusing to the casual reader which is why Paul Kahn dropped such distinctions for his target audience of non scholars. A quick look at your source, and that source's source will reveal the problem of why you would think it could be transcribed without umlauts. The webpage on Liao Hats is simply a catalogue of names listed in the "adaptation" (NOT translation!) of The Secret History by Paul Kahn. This [ed note: the Paul Kahn translation] is simply a terrible source and should never be used in the context of naming submissions. For heralds, its BAD BAD BAD! Good for story tellers, bad for documenting names. The worst of the other 20 or so translations are more reliable than Kahn's book. Cleave's translation already has such a listing and is far more accurate, even includes most every error made by the Chinese scribes.

So why they does [sic] The Secret History have a different spelling than what I am submitting? Simple if you trace the history of the document, and compare and contrast writing systems and pronunciations. The oldest known copy of The Secret History, the source from which Cleaves and other scholars conducted their translations, was not written in Mongol Script. It was written in Chinese characters applied phonetically to the Mongolian sounds of the words. Most translations cover this in their prefaces. This means that the source is itself a copy, transliterated between different writing systems (alphabetic to phonetic) by scribes who were most likely not native speakers and had a tendency to sinofy things, and were prone to errors in both flaws from both the writings systems and the pronunciations. There are many names throughout the book which change spelling among as many as four or five different forms representing the same person due to such errors. For example, "Su:bedei" is sometimes written as "Su:betei". Also Chinese linguistic science of that era only considers two components two components [sic] to a syllable, the (1)initial consonant and the (2)final vowel and consonant combined, not considering a distinct final consonant or muted sounds which exist in languages other than Chinese. "Mo:nggu:lig" poses two separate problem for transcribing it phonetically. First, the middle 'u:' is a muted sound. Second the letter 'ng' is followed by a 'g' which is commonly merged into the combined "-ng" even in most modern transliterations, and the distinction is often only revealed in the Traditional Mongol Script which was designed for Altaic languages, like Uighur, with such features. For example, "Mongol" is transliterated letter for letter as it is in modern Cyrillic letters, but the Mongol Script transliteration reveals the spelling "Monggol" - the 'ng' and 'g' actually belong to separate syllables. As I understand it, Chinese has no phonetic character for a muted vowel, and the combined sounding of the 'ng' and 'g' would have the word rendered as the two syllable "Mo:nglig". This leaves one other variation that is not only a difficult sound for non Mongols to distinguish (speaking from experience) and an ambiguity even in the Mongol Script, which is the difference between the letters 'o:' and 'u:'. In Mongol Script, they are written exactly the same. Any letters which are ambiguous both from pronunciation and Mongol Script spelling, are frequently written incorrectly throughout The Secret History.

Such peculiarities of transliteration can be understood more here http://SilverHorde.ViaHistoria.com/research/UighurScript.html

Unlike the Chinese phonetic transcription, I am using a spelling based on a direct transliteration of the Mongol Script which renders "Mo:nggu:lig Ordu".

Hence the submitter has demonstrated that this household name is based on the pattern [personal name] + Ordu. We are not familiar enough with the various Mongol scripts to say definitively whether his transliteration of the given name is correct, but we see no reason not to give him the benefit of the doubt.

Heinrich von Eisleben. Name and device. Per pale azure and sable, a bend between an increscent and a decrescent argent.

Iulianiia Trieskova. Name.

Submitted as Iulianiia Trieska, as submitted the name consists of two given names and no byname. There is no evidence of unmarked patronymics in Russian. We have changed the name to Iulianiia Trieskova in order to register it.

Jacobus of Carolingia. Holding name and device (see RETURNS for name). Sable, on a bend sinister purpure fimbriated, a wingless dragon passant contourny reguardant argent.

Submitted under the name Jacobus Jager Draak.

Jaquelinne la coustiere. Name.

Nice 13th C French feminine name!

LAUREL

Venezuela. Reblazon of important non-SCA flag. Per fess Or and gules, on a fess azure an arch of seven mullets argent and in canton the state arms (An escutcheon per fess enarched, per pale gules and Or and azure, a garb Or, a sheaf of weapons proper surmounted by two banners in saltire per fess Or and gules, a fess azure, and a horse courant regardant contourny argent; the escutcheon ensigned with two cornucopias in saltire argent and environed of a wreath vert bound with a ribbon per fess Or and gules, a fess azure charged with the words 19 DE ABRIL DE 1810; INDEPENDENCIA; REPUBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA; FEDERACIÓN; 20 DE FEBRERO DE 1859 Or).

The tincture of the mullets was missing from the original blazon. In addition, the year of federation was misstated as 1850. The blazon has been corrected to reflect these facts. This is Venezuela's previous flag; it continues to be protected.

LOCHAC

Alyenora Brodier. Name and device. Or, on a fess between three fleurs-de-lys gules a falcon Or.

The given name was documented from a set of Academy of Saint Gabriel letters, but these letters were not properly summarized. When summarizing documentation from such letters it is necessary to note the sources from which the Academy derived the cited spellings. This was not done here. Had the commenters not supplied the missing information, we would have been forced to return this name.

Anselm da Calabria. Name and device. Per pale Or and vert, a cross crosslet counterchanged.

Submitted as Anselm de Calabria, the usual preposition for an Italian locative placename is da (from). We have changed the name to Anselm da Calabria to correct the grammar.

The submitter requested authenticity for an unspecified place and time and accepted minor changes only. The given name is documented as English while the byname is Italian; this is one step from period practice. Several commenters noted Anselmo, an Italian form of the English Anselm, including 27 occurrences in Herlihy, Litchfield, and Molho, "Florentine Renaissance Resources: Online Tratte of Office Holders 1282-1532." Since the submitted given name is English, we cannot change it to its Italian form since that is a major change. However, if the submitter is interested in a fully Italian form of this name, we suggest Anselmo da Calabria.

Nice armory.

Prospero ab Aqua. Name and device. Per pale vert and purpure, an elephant statant argent.

There was some question whether this name was in conflict with or presumptuous of the character Prospero from Shakespeare's The Tempest. Metron Ariston points out that the magician and his daughter "come to the island where the action of the play takes place quite literally "ab aqua". This is not a minor detail as the entirety of the plot hinges on this abandonment at sea..." There is no conflict, because the character does not bear the byname ab Aqua. While the term ab aqua does mean "beside the sea", it is still not a term commonly associated with this play or character. Just as Harry atte School would not be presumptuous of Harry Potter, even though most of the action of these well known books takes place within the walls of a school, so Prospero ab Aqua is not presumptuous of the character from The Tempest.

Some commenters questioned this emblazon of an elephant. The elephant is very similar to that found in the arms of Helfenstain in the Zurich Roll of Arms.

Rudiger Adler. Name and device. Per pale gules and argent, a double-headed eagle within a double tressure counterchanged.

Part of the summarization of the documentation was a citation of an Academy of Saint Gabriel letter. When summarizing such letters, it is necessary to say where the Academy found the information being cited on the LoI. Failure to do so may result in a name being returned. In this case, the specific elements documented from the Academy letter were also documented from other sources.

Snorri Blódhdrekkr ór Ódhinslundi. Device change. Per chevron sable and Or, three boars passant counterchanged.

Nice device.

His previous device, Per chevron throughout Or and sable, two oak leaves and a dragon passant counterchanged, is released.

Zanobia Adimari. Name and device. Argent, a cross bottony sable and on a chief azure three mullets argent.

MERIDIES

Basileios Philanthropenos Philomathes. Reblazon of badge. (Fieldless) Two lightning bolts in saltire gules, overall a cloud argent.

Registered in August 2000 with the blazon Two lightning bolts in saltire gules, overall a cloud argent, the badge is fieldless.

MIDDLE

Amye Goldwyn. Name and device. Per pale purpure and Or, two dragons sejant respectant and in chief two bars wavy all counterchanged.

Nice 15th C English woman's name.

Avery d'Aragon. Name.

Kenneth Muntsorell. Name.

Kenneth is the submitter's legal given name.

Phillipa of Otterbourne. Device. Azure, an otter rampant and on a chief wavy Or three harps azure.

Pierre de Montereau. Badge. Per fess embattled grady azure and argent, a tun and a portcullis counterchanged.

Sara Macqueen. Name.

The submitter requested an authentic Scottish name and accepted minor changes. The given name, Sara, is her legal given name; no documentation was submitted and none found to suggest that the name was in use in Scotland in period. Withycombe, The Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names, s.n. Sarah, lists Sara in Yorkshire in 1379. The name is registerable, but not authentic.

Thom off Lochlewyne. Name.

Submitted as Thom off Loch_Leven, the submitter requested an authentic 14th C Scottish Highlands name. At that time, Gaelic was the language spoken in the Scottish Highlands, but we have no Gaelic forms of either of these names. However, Johnston, The Place-Names of Scotland, s.n. Leven, shows the spelling Lewyne in 1370; s.n. Loch Leven, he has Lochlewyn in 1145 and Lochleuene in 1156. This suggests that an appropriate 14th C form for the placename would be Lochlewyne. We have changed the name to Thom off Lochlewyne, an authentic 14th C Scots name, to partially fulfill his request for authenticity.

OUTLANDS

Ailleann inghean Fhiodhbhuidhe. Device. Per bend sinister argent and azure, in bend sinister three butterflies bendwise sinister azure.

Benedict Hawkins. Device. Argent, a wolf sable and another gules combatant and a bordure per pale gules and sable.

Caer Galen, Barony of. Order name Order of Saint William the Cooper.

Several commenters noted that the College cannot canonize new saints. However, we feel that registering a name that uses the descriptive Saint does not do this, but rather follows a well documented medieval tradition of local shrines and saints who may or may not be recognized by the hierarchy in Rome. In addition, this would not be the first such registration; the College of St. Bunstable, a group name formed from a fictional saint's name, was registered in August 1981, and in August 1990, the College of Saint Joan was registered although Joan of Arc was not canonized until 1920. While philosophically, it is certainly better recreation to use a real-life saint's name when using this model to create an order name, there is no reason why these sorts of construction should not be allowed the same latitude allowed by our rules for other constructed names. The name William the Cooper is a well-formed English name whose elements can all be documented to period, therefore Saint William the Cooper is an expected construction.

Caerthe, Barony of. Badge (see RETURNS for order name Order of the Keystone of the Golden Castle). Sable, a keystone within a bordure embattled Or.

Furukusu Tatsujirou Masahide. Device change. Sable, a pine tree within a hexagon voided and fracted per pall, argent.

This device is clear of Eric of Eisental, Sable, a fir tree within roundels conjoined in annulo argent. There is a CD for changing the type and number of secondary charges. The submitter has permission to conflict with al-Haadi abd-al-Malik Husam ibn Khalid's badge, Sable, a hexagon voided within another argent; however, that permission is not required as the two are clear by RfS X.2.

The submitter's previous device, Azure, a massacre and in chief a rose argent, barbed vert and seeded gules, is retained as a badge.

Giovanna di Meir. Name and device. Argent, on a heart gules a dragonfly argent, a chief gules.

Nice 16th C Italian name!

Gyda Magnusdotter. Name.

The submitter requested authenticity for 10th-11th C Sweden, but the LoI noted "The client would prefer Gyda, but will accept Gyða if no evidence can be found supporting a spelling of Gyda." The name Gyda was documented from modern family trees. However, this spelling is registerable; Sveriges Medeltida Personnamn s.n. Gydha has Gyda dated to 1396. Gyda Magnusdotter is an authentic late 14th-early 15th C Swedish name. Given the statement on the LoI, we believe that the submitter is more interested in the submitted spelling than the request for authenticity. Therefore, we are registering the name as submitted.

However, if the submitter is interested in a form of this name appropriate for 10th-11th C Sweden, we suggest Gyða Magnusardottir, an Old Norse form of this name. Both element of this form are found in Haraldson, The Old Norse Name.

Keridwen Andersdottir. Name change from Keridwen Androsoun.

Keridwen is her currently registered name.

Magnus der Lescher. Name.

Margaida da Gama. Name change from holding name Margaret of the Outlands.

Robartach mac Lochlainn. Name.

Rowena Colebrok. Name.

The name Rowena is an SCA-compatible English name.

Svein hammar. Name.

Threespires, College of. Branch name and device. Sable, three towers and a laurel wreath, three and one, and a chief embattled Or.

Submitted as Three_Spires, College of, a search through the standard sources on English placenames shows no examples of compounds names following the pattern [number] + [object] where there is a space between the words. We have changed the name to Threespires, College of, to follow standard English placenaming patterns for these sorts of names.

Wilhelm Gelbart. Name and device. Per chevron sable and Or, a spear counterchanged between in chief two mullets of eight points Or.

Submitted as Wilhelm Galbreath, the submitter requested a name authentic for 10th-13th C German name and indicated sound was most important if the name needed to be changed. Galbreath was documented from Reaney and Wilson, A Dictionary of English Surnames as an English or Scots name. Bahlow/Gentry, German Names, s.n. Gelbart, notes this name undated, from the MLG gel, gelwe "yellow" and bart "beard"; s.n. Gehler, notes as Gel Michael in the 14th C and derives the byname from the MHD gel "yellow". The descriptive bart is found in Talan Gwynek, "Some Early Middle German Bynames" has Albero qui dicitur Bart in 1183, Heinric Part in 1180, and magister J. dictus Geizebart in 1240. Bahlow/Gentry, s.n. Bart, has a Cuncze bart in 1382. We believe that Gelbart is a reasonable constructed German byname, possibly 13th C and definately fine for the 14th. It is also very close in sound and appearance to the submitted Galbreath. We have changed this name to Wilhelm Gelbart to partially fulfill his request for authenticity.

WEST

Eli{sv}ka z Jihlavy. Badge. (Fieldless) A heart gules winged Or.

Francesca Carletti. Name.

Nice 15th C Florentine name!

Georg of Glacier's Edge. Badge. Argent, a stag's attires gules.

This badge does not conflict with Axel Oxenstierna (important non-SCA arms), Or, a bull's scalp (oxenstjärna) gules. There is a CD for changes to the field and another for the difference between a bull's scalp and a stag's attires.

John Patten. Name change from Iason Vorax.

His old name, Iason Vorax, is retained as an alternate name.

Julian of Redwood. Name and device. Per pale purpure and sable, a crescent between two needles in pile, on a chief indented argent four mullets of seven points sable.

Sarra Peller. Name change from Oriana of Myrtlewood.

Her old name, Oriana of Myrtlewood, is retained as an alternate name.

Staffan Arffuidsson. Device. Azure, three seraphs Or.

Nice device.

William MacDougall. Device. Per pale argent and sable, two chevronels counterchanged and in canton a thistle purpure slipped and leaved vert.

- Explicit littera accipendorum -

THE FOLLOWING ITEMS HAVE BEEN RETURNED FOR FURTHER WORK:

ÆTHELMEARC

Clarice Roan. Device. Per fess azure and argent, a dove rising wings displayed and inverted argent sustaining in its claws a serpent embowed counter-embowed gules.

This device is returned as no blazon we could derive adequately described the careful placement required to have the dove and the snake on opposite sides of the line of division. As a blazon cannot be derived which would allow the reconstruction of this emblazon, per RfS VII.7.b - Reconstruction Requirement the device must be returned.

Sabina de Lyons. Household name House Laughing Fox.

This name does not match patterns found in period inn sign names. The submitter cited the example of the registered name Inn of the Weeping Unicorn as an argument for the pattern [action] + [animal] as a registerable pattern. However, this argument fails to note that the actions found in such inn sign names are those that have an unmistakable visual depiction. We are unable to find a unique depiction of a fox where it would be unmistakable that it was laughing, as compared to barking or howling. Barring an example from period of such a depiction (for example, if a laughing fox was a standard emblem in popular emblem books of the time), this name is not registerable.

ANSTEORRA

Swiss Cross. Restricted charge. A cross couped argent on gules, fieldless, or tinctureless.

The Swiss Cross is currently protected as the arms of Switzerland, Gules, a cross couped argent. The level of protection of the Swiss Cross does not rise to that required of the Red Cross, the Red Crescent, or the Red Crystal by international treaty and national laws. The Geneva Conventions state "the use by private individuals, societies or firms, of the arms of the Swiss Confederation, or of marks constituting an imitation thereof, whether as trademarks or commercial marks, or as parts of such marks, or for a purpose contrary to commercial honesty, or in circumstances capable of wounding Swiss national sentiment, shall be prohibited at all times." We believe that the current protection of Gules, a cross couped argent is sufficient and decline to extend that protection to the level we protect the Red Cross, the Red Crescent, and potentially the Red Crystal, by adding this to the table of Restricted Charges in the Glossary of Terms.

AN TIR

Cristobal de Corrales. Device. Azure, a pale compony Or and azure.

Blazoned on the LoI as Azure, five delfs in pale Or, the delfs touch the top and bottom edges of the shield making this a pale rather than a set of delfs. A charge (other than a bordure) compony may not share a tincture with the field, thus this must be returned. As noted on the April 2006 LoAR (q.v. Brigid of Kerry):

Laurel has previously ruled when returning William of Bellwood's device, Sable, a chevron checky sable and Or and in dexter chief a lion passant Or, in July 1985:

The chevron does not have sufficient contrast half of it vanishes into the field, leaving the viewer with a confused visual impression. A charge checky, compony, or countercompony should not be placed on a field which is the same tincture as part of the charge.

While period examples have since been found of ordinaries checky sharing a tincture with the field, the ban still applies for compony and countercompony ordinaries until evidence is provided that such compony and countercompony ordinaries shared a tincture with the field in period heraldry. Evidence has been provided for compony and countercompony bordures, and for countercompony chiefs, that share a tincture with the field. Thus such bordures and chiefs may be registered.

Palladius Hibernicus. Name.

This name is presumptuous of Saint Palladius, first bishop of Ireland. Hibernicus in a Roman style name could be interpreted as an ethnic byname meaning "Irish", or it could be a cognomen adopted by a commander to denote a successful campaign in Hibernia (Ireland). In this latter sense, adding it to the name of Ireland's first bishop is presumptuous.

Tir Rígh, Principality of. Order name L'ordre de l'Etoile Argente.

This order name conflicts with the Order of the Argent Estoille of Trimaris, registered to the kingdom of Trimaris in October, 1991. Both names contain descriptive elements nearly identical in sound and appearance and identical in meaning (Silver Star). RFS 2.b.i and 2.b.ii. say that two non-personal names with the same number of descriptive elements conflict unless i) "each of them contains a descriptive element significantly different from every descriptive element in the other", or ii) "either the order of the elements or the grammatical structure of the name has changed in a way that significantly changes the meaning of the name as a whole." In this case, the descriptive elements are identical, and the change in the order of the elements does not significantly change the meaning of the name as a whole. The kingdom name in the one order name is transparent for purposes of conflict. We would drop the descriptive element Argente, but the order name would then conflict with Estoile Pursuivant, registered to the kingdom of the West in January 1982 and Order of the Estoile, registered to the Barony of Winter's Gate in December 1984. We note that l'Ordre de l'Etoile Argente (note that this suggestion corrects the capitalization from the submitted form) would be registerable if the principality of Tir Rígh obtained a letter of permission to conflict from the Kingdom of Trimaris.

Tir Rígh, Principality of. Order name Order of the Shattered Spear.

This order name does not fit a pattern of known period order names. Although it appears to fit the pattern [adjective] + [object], an examination of such order names shows that the adjectives in such names are either a tincture, a size (for example Grand Collar of the Three Orders), a descriptive typical of a holy object (holy, blessed), or a word descriptive of a person (Pontifical). The word shattered does not bear a similarity to any of these patterns. It may be argued that the "Project Ordensnamen" shows the Order of the Dragon Overthrown or Order of the Defeated Dragon. However, evidence suggests that these are modern names for this order, and that the period name is translated simply Order of the Dragon. Therefore, it is not relevant for arguing period order name patterns. Barring documentation for adjectives like shattered in period order names, this name is not registerable.

ARTEMISIA

None.

ATENVELDT

Atenveldt, Kingdom of. Order name Order of Atlas.

Conflict with Atlas Mountains, the mountain chain that runs for 1200 miles through North African and divides the Mediterranean coast from the Sahara desert. As an important geographic region, it is protected. Unfortunately, designators like Order and Mountains are transparent for purposes of conflict.

Atenveldt, Kingdom of. Order name Order of Fenris.

This item was withdrawn from consideration by the submitter.

Rolant Richolf von dem Reyne. Device. Purpure, a chevron rompu between a seeblatt inverted, a seeblatt and a dog's head couped argent, collared Or.

This device conflicts with the device of Caoilinn Mirymuth (formerly Erin of Rencester), Purpure, a chevron rompu between two mullets and a dumbeg argent. Rolant's previous device submission, Purpure, a chevron rompu between a seeblatt inverted, a seeblatt and a dog's head couped collared argent, was returned June 2004 with the comment:

This conflicts with Erin of Rencester: Purpure, a chevron rompu between two mullets and a dumbeg argent. There is a single CD for the change of type of the secondary charges.

Questions were raised in commentary about the tincture of the dog's collar. If the collar were of a contrasting tincture that had been inadvertently omitted from the blazon, that would yield a second CD for adding a tertiary charge. On the full-color emblazon, the collar is indeed argent, and as such it is effectively nothing more than an artistic variation of the argent head, worth no difference.

The LoI noted "The client has made the collar Or, so that the second CD can be attained for adding a tertiary charge." While collaring a beast's head is normally worth a CD, in this case the collar cannot be considered a tertiary charge as it is the same tincture class (metal) as the underlying charge. Thus the device must again be returned for conflict. If the collar is considered a tertiary charge, then this would have to be returned for violating RfS VIII.2.b - Contrast Requirements. Making the collar a color rather than a metal will allow it to count as a tertiary charge and clear the conflict with Caoilinn's device. We note that a purpure collar should not be used on a purpure field.

Thorarna I Hiartt. Name.

No documentation was submitted and none found for the byname I Hiartt. The form and summarization merely noted that it was "a farm in Northern Norway." However, none of the commenters was able to find documentation for this name, even in Oluf Rygh's article "Norwegian Farm Names." As no documentation was submitted for this name and none found, we are forced to return it.

We noted that the preposition in locative bynames in Old Norse and Norwegian names is not typically capitalized. In resubmitting, we advise the submitter to put the preposition in lower case.

Her armory was registered under the holding name Jennifer of Atenveldt.

Titus Antonius Agrippa. Device. Sable, in pale a capital letter P Or and two lightning bolts crossed in saltire argent.

This device is returned for redraw or documentation of the letter P. The letter P had a rounded bowl in virtually every calligraphic hand in period. The only exception we could find was the highly ornate capitals in the Book of Kells - and the P's bowl doesn't close in the Celtic hand. And in no hand does the "serif" on the top left of the letter jut out in the manner of the submitted letter. As this is not recognizable as any period letter, let alone a P, it must be returned.

Vallaulfr Rurikson and Cécile de Brétigny. Joint badge. Per pale indented azure and argent, a "wolf" argent and a unicorn gules combatant, both gorged and chained Or.

This badge is returned for redraw. Those present at the Wreath meeting thought that the wolf was a lion until the blazon was read. The mini-emblazon appeared as a square badge on the LoI. The use non-standard forms can be grounds for return, and a return for a non-standard form was suggested. However, the emblazons sent to Laurel were on standard forms. As the emblazon of the primary charges was not affected by this difference; we are not citing this as a cause for return. We remind submission heralds that standard forms should be used and that the mini-emblazon on the LoI should match the emblazon sent to Laurel. On resubmission, a square badge form would be appropriate as the new forms - including the square badge - have now been released.

Violet Elliott. Device. Argent, in pale a bee statant bendwise proper atop a violet, a bordure purpure.

This device is returned for violating RfS VII.2.b - Contrast Requirements. The bee's wings have no contrast with the field and the bee itself has poor contrast with the field. A bee proper is not neutral - it is primarily metal. Please advise the submitter to draw larger wings so that the bee has a chance to make it back to his hive.

ATLANTIA

Ponte Alto, Barony of. Award name Onore del Ponte di Ferro.

This name does not follow patterns of period order names. While it follows the general meta-pattern of heraldic charge, it does not follow the more specific pattern [color] + [heraldic charge]. Ferro (iron) is not a heraldic tincture; it is a material. No documentation was submitted to suggest that ferro or iron was used as an ordinary color name in either Italian or English, nor were any examples of Order names of the form [material] + [heraldic charge]. Barring such documentation, ferro or iron is not registerable as part of an order name.

Rachel Wallace. Badge. (Fieldless) A sword surmounted by a tower sable.

This badge is returned for lack of identifiability. The area of overlap between the tower and the sword is too large, especially given that there is no contrast between the charges.

CAID

None.

CALONTIR

Ardovino Dragonetti. Device. Paly purpure and argent, a fess counterchanged.

This device is returned for conflict with Ælfwynn of Witebi's device, Checky argent and purpure, a chief embattled sable. The submitted device is equivalent to Checky purpure and argent, as the combination of three vertical divisions and several horizontal divisions closely resembles a typical depiction of checky. Thus there is a single CD for removing the chief.

Ishmaela bint Johara. Name change from holding name Deirdre of Lost Moor.

No documentation was submitted and none found to suggest that either Ishmaela or Johara is a period Arabic name. Ishmaela is a proposed feminine form of the the Biblical name Ishmael. However, Palimpsest notes, "there's not a pattern in Arabic of feminizing Old Testament masculine names. Native Arabic names that originated as adjectives and nouns often can be feminized, but borrowed names were not." The name Johara was documented from "Feminine Arabic Names" by Christina Al-Sudairy. This is a list of names; nothing about it suggests that the names on it are period. There are no dates, and the page has the appearance of a modern baby-name book. Barring documentation that Ishmaela and Johara is period, these names are not registerable.

Nathaniel Lennox. Device. Per bend sinister argent and sable, a bend sinister rayonny argent fimbriated gules between a tree proper and a gauntlet aversant argent.

This is returned for lack of identifiability, per RfS VII.7.a. The bend sinister argent shares a tincture with the field, and therefore seems to be part of it. Even with the fimbriation, the visual effect is of two extremely thin scarpes rayonny gules and a sinister base point sable rather than a bend sinister rayonny argent on a divided field. Making the field Or and sable (assuming no conflicts) would remove the problem.

DRACHENWALD

Rakonczay Gergely. Device. Azure, a boar statant sable transfixed by an arrow bendwise sinister Or in chief a decrescent argent and a sun Or.

This device is returned for redraw; in particular the arrow is not recognizable, nor is the sun. Please advise the submitter that the decrescent and the sun should be drawn larger. While suns generally have alternating wavy and straight rays, it is acceptable to have all straight rays as in this submission. We advise the submitter that care should be taken in choosing the shade of blue used with this design, both for the submission and the general use of this device, to allow a chance for the boar to be identified.

Many commenters noted that this should be returned for lack of identifiability of the boar and for violating RfS VIII.2.b - Contrast Requirements. While we sympathize with those commenters, this motif is registerable to the submitter under RfS VIII.6.b - Documented Exceptions - Regional Style. The submitter provided documentation for sable animals on azure fields, argent decrescents with Or suns, and sable animals transfixed by Or arrows in period Hungarian armory. He also provided documentation for the combination of these charges. Multiple examples of each were provided. In keeping with precedent, we note that the documented exception applies only to this submission; not to submission by other submitters. A note to Albion and Edelweiss: if this device is resubmitted (simply redrawn as requested), you need not resend the supporting documentation. If different charges or tinctures are used, they will need to be supported by included documentation.

EALDORMERE

None.

EAST

Aildreda de Tamworthe. Device. Per chevron argent and azure, three estoiles counterchanged.

This device is returned for conflict with Enid of Crickhollow's device, Per chevron argent and azure, two mullets of six greater and six lesser points and a swan naiant counterchanged, with a single CD for changes to the primary charges. There is a significant, but not substantial (X.2), difference between mullets of six greater and six lesser points and estoiles.

This is clear of Robert of Starmount's device, Per pale and per chevron azure and argent, three estoiles counterchanged. There is a CD for changes to the field. In both cases half the charges are argent and half are azure; however, RfS X.4.d - Tincture Changes grants a CD for changing "the tinctures or division of any group of charges placed directly on the field". As the bottommost of three charges arranged two and one is considered half the group, there is a CD for changing the line of division of the bottommost estoile.

Alastar O'Rogan. Badge. Azure, a scorpion Or and in chief a crescent argent.

This badge is returned for conflict with Timothy der Kenntnisreiche's device, reblazoned elsewhere on this letter as Azure, a scorpion Or maintaining in chief an open book argent, with a single CD for adding the secondary charge. The fact that this scorpion has a straight tail is an unblazoned artistic detail.

Bertrand Valois. Device. Vert, a gyron issuant from sinister base and on a chief Or three fleurs-de-lys vert.

This device is returned as we were unable to derive a blazon that would adequately specify which gyron was meant. As far as we could determine, in period heraldic tracts a single gyron always referred to the one in dexter chief that has one edge fesswise and one edge bendwise. Barring evidence that other gyrons were used in period heraldry, this is the only registerable gyron.

Cal mac Mailcon. Device. Sable, a phoenix gules rising from flames and in chief two flames Or.

This device is returned for violating RfS VIII.2.b - Contrast Requirements. A phoenix color rising from flames metal, or a phoenix metal rising from flames color, is a neutral charge; however, the bird must have good contrast with the field as it is the identifying feature of a phoenix. This is similar to the requirement that the body of merfolk have good contrast with the field even if their tails do not.

On resubmission, please advise the submitter to draw the flames smaller.

Calgacus Etharnan. Name.

This is a Pictish name that uses an unmarked patronymic. However, no documentation was submitted and none found to suggest that patronymics in Pictish names were ever unmarked. The article from which the name parts were documented, Tangwystyl verch Morgan Glasvryn, "A Consideration of Pictish Names", suggests that Calgacus filius Etharnan would be an appropriate form. We would make this change, but the submitter will not accept major changes such as the addition of a name element. Therefore, we are forced to return this.

His armory was registered under the holding name Calgacus of Bhakail.

Eleanor Lebrun. Badge. (Fieldless) On an eight-petaled flower vert a hummingbird volant to sinister wings addorsed Or.

This badge is returned for redraw. The flower is unidentifiable; it appears to be a roundel with some type of complex line of division. A flower, or an octofoil, should show some separation between its petals.

Gillian de Whittemere. Device. Azure, a fox courant, in base a rose argent seeded Or, on a chief argent three martlets sable.

This device is returned for a redraw. Given the relative sizes of the fox and the rose, it was impossible to determine whether or not they were co-primaries. Because of this ambiguity, we are unable to register the device.

Jacobus Jager Draak. Name.

This name uses two descriptive bynames in a Dutch name. There is evidence for double bynames in Dutch, but no documentation was submitted and none found to suggest that this culture ever used two bynames of the same type in one name. Barring documentation for this practice in Dutch, Dutch names using two descriptive bynames are not registerable. We would drop the second byname and register this as Jacobus Jager, but the submitter will not accept major changes.

The submitter requested a name authentic for mid-15th C Dutch. The names Jacob de Jaeghere and Jacob Drake would both be authentic for that time and place. Both Jacob and Drake appear in Aryanwhy merch Catmael and Kymma Godric, "Names from Antwerp, 1443-1561" (http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/dutch/plaiser.html). Likewise, Jacob and de Jaeghere are both found in Loveday Toddekyn, "Flemish Names from Bruges, 1400-1600" (http://www.s-gabriel.org/docs/bruges/).

His armory was registered under the holding name Jacobus of Carolingia.

LAUREL

None.

LOCHAC

Isobel de la Rose. Name and device. Azure, on a bend argent three roses azure barbed and seeded argent.

This name conflicts with Elizabeth de Rose, registered July, 2002. According to Withycombe, The Oxford English Dictionary of Christian Names, Elizabeth and Isabel are used interchangeably in the 15th C. This makes them equivalent for purposes of conflict. Because articles and prepositions are also transparent for conflict purposes, the bynames are essentially identical.

This device is returned for conflict with Andréa de Champs de Batailles, Azure, on a bend argent a unicorn's head palewise couped sable between two cinquefoils purpure. There is a single CD for the cumulative changes to the tertiary charges.

MERIDIES

None.

MIDDLE

None.

OUTLANDS

Caerthe, Barony of. Order name Order of the Keystone of the Golden Castle.

This name does not match patterns found in period order names. All known order names with the pattern [object] + [place] use a specific placename, not a topographic description such as appears in the submitted order name. In registering Order of the Guard of the Mill of Delftwood in March 2006, we noted:

However, there is one more pattern demonstrated in the "Project Ordensnamen", that of [group] + [place]. Examples include Brothers Hospitaller of Burgos, Nobles of Tyrol, Nobles of Catalonia, etc. This suggests that an Order name of the form [Guard] +of [specific place] would follow known patterns of Order names. While a mill is not a specific place, the Mill of Delftwood is (this Order name is submitted by the Barony of Delftwood).

This extended the pattern for order names of this type beyond that found in actual order names to [group] + [building] + [placename]; we feel the same extension is justified in order names using the pattern [object] + [place]. We would change this name to Order of the Keystone of the Golden Castle of Caerthe, but the group will not accept major changes. We note that the name Order of the Golden Castle, which follows the pattern [color] + [heraldic charge] is also registerable and is an unexceptional order name.

Randal Carrick. Badge. Argent, a sword purpure and overall a roundel sable charged with two pallets wavy argent.

This badge is returned for redesign. The careful placement of the pallets to outline the sword's blade make the blade itself appears to be a wavy blade. This is visually confusing, thus the badge violates the tenets of RfS VII.7.a - Identification Requirement and RfS VIII.3 - Armorial Identifiability. As the emblazon is unlikely to recreated from the blazon, this also violates RfS VII.7.b - Reconstruction Requirement.

WEST

None.

- Explicit littera renuntiationum -

THE FOLLOWING ITEMS HAVE BEEN PENDED UNTIL THE February 2007 LAUREL MEETING (OR AS NOTED):

AN TIR

Morgan ap Hugh. Device. Per chevron argent and gules, two dragonflies purpure and a stag trippant contourny Or.

This device is pended as the LoI omitted the blazon.

This was item 6 on the An Tir letter of March 31, 2006.

ARTEMISIA

Mael Coluim mac Gilla Epscoip. Device. Per fess argent and gules, two wolf's heads erased sable and a castle argent.

This device is pended as the LoI omitted the mini-emblazon. Although a letter of correction was dated April 20th, it does not appear that any of the commenters received it prior to commenting on this item. We have pended it to allow such commentary.

This was item 1 on the Artemisia letter of February 22, 2006.

CALONTIR

Elizabeth Joscelyne. Badge. Or, a letter "B" azure within a bordure gules.

Listed on the LoI as Or, a Gothic letter "B" within a bordure gules, the B is azure not gules. The "B" is not a Gothic "B", so we have dropped that term from the blazon. This is pended to allow conflict checking under the correct tinctures.

This was item 5 on the Calontir letter of March 31, 2006.

- Explicit -