© 2008-2009 by Julia Smith. All rights reserved.
Version 1.1, updated 18 February 2009
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Bear
(Germany) - Not much is known about this tournament
society, which is documented in rolls of arms and tournament
books, starting in 1484. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Gesellschaft im Beren |
'Society of [in] the Bear' |
c. 1500 |
German |
Ranft |
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Geselschaft im Bern |
'Society of [in] the Bear' |
c. 1500 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Blue
Cottage (Germany) - This organization was only mentioned
twice, in 1367 and 1369. It involved elites from Köln and
Aachen. Its modern form is Blaue Hüte, according to Kruse et al. Boulton provides the
translation "lodge" for the second word. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Geselsscaf van den blauwen Hueden |
'Society of the blue cottages' |
1367 |
German |
Ranft |
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Geselleschaft mit den blaenhuden |
'Society with the blue cottages' |
1367 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Club
(Germany) - This order was founded in 1391 as a political
and military alliance. It was known by various names
(sometimes in the same document), all of which mean 'club' or
'cudgel' or perhaps 'mace'. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Bengeler [oder] Kloppele |
'club[er] [or] cudgel' |
1391-1398 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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geselschafft von den Bengeln |
'Society of the clubs' |
1392 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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mit dem Kolben |
'with the cudgel' |
c. 1392 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Kloppele |
'cudgel' |
c. 1400 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Crown [1]
(Germany) - This fraternal organization involved the
lords and knights of Augsberg; it was founded in 1372. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Geselschaft gemeinclich von der Crone |
'mutual society of the Crown' |
1372 |
German |
Ranft |
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[Gesellschaft] mit der Krone |
'[Society] with the Crown' |
1372 |
German |
Ranft |
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Gesellschaft von der Cronen |
'Society of the Crown' |
1372 |
German |
Ranft |
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gesellschaft und nanten sich die Kroner |
'society [and those] who called themselves
the Crown[ers]' |
1468 [describing 1372] |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Crown [2]
(Germany) - This tournament society is documented from
1479 to after 1530. They took part in tournaments in
Würzburg, Ansbach, Bamberg, Heidelberg, Stuttgart, and
Regensburg. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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die loblich geselschafft der Kron |
'the honorable
society of the Crown' |
1483 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Geselschaft der Cron |
'Society [of] the Crown' |
c. 1500 |
German |
Ranft |
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Cron Geselschaft |
'Crown Society' |
c. 1500 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Kronn Geselschaft |
'Crown Society' |
1510 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Crown of Roses (Germany) - This company was organized
by Adolf, count of Cleves together with other local nobles.
It was founded in 1393 to last for ten years, according to
Boulton. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
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Geselschop van den rosenkrensen |
'Society of the rose wreaths' |
14th c. |
German |
Boulton |
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Geselschap van den Rosenkrentzen |
'Society of the rose wreaths' |
c. 1400 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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societas Rosarii |
'society of the garland of roses' |
c. 1400 |
Latin (German) |
Kruse et al. |
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Crowned Ibex (Germany) - This tournament society was
established with the participation of Duke Gerhard of Jülich
and Berg in 1436; it would be refounded after 1475 by his
successor Duke Wilhelm, according to Boulton. Kruse et al. date the
refounding to 1480. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
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Geselle[schaft] von den gekrenten
Steynbocken |
'Society of the crowned ibexes' |
1436 |
German |
Boulton |
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Gesell[schaft] von den gekrönten
Steinbocken |
'Society of the crowned Ibexes' |
c. 1436 |
German |
Boulton |
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Bockgesellschaft |
'Ibex-society' |
1480 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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die gesellenn vonn den grekrönten
Steinbocken |
'the companions of the crowned Ibexes' |
1480 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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der geselschaft knecht von Steinbock |
'knight of the society of the Ibex' |
1482 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Geselschaft des Steinbocks |
'Society of the Ibex' |
15th c. |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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löbliche Gesellschafft im Steinbock |
'honorable Society of
[in] the Ibex' |
15th c. |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Dog
(Germany) - This fraternal organization was founded in
1431 in the area around Hohenstein. |
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DATED FORM: |
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DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
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mit dem Rüden |
'with the Dog' |
1431 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Dog-collar (Germany) - This society was founded in
1413, involving six princes of lower Silesia, and admitting
lesser folk as well. Its last notice is in 1425, though it
may have survived for another decade, according to Boulton. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
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Geselleschaft des Rodinbands |
'society of the dog-collar' |
1414 |
German |
Boulton |
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Geselleschaffte mit dem Rüdenpand |
'society with the dog-collar' |
15th c. |
German |
Boulton |
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Donkey
(Germany) - This fraternal knightly organization was
founded in 1387; it lasted until nearly 1500, according to
Wikipedia Wikipedia. It had widely
spread membership, and was eventually split into "upper"
(around Heidelberg) and "lower" (around Frankfurt)
groups. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Ober und nyder Esel |
'Upper and lower Donkeys' |
c. 1400 |
German |
Ranft |
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Gesellschaft genannt die
Eselgesellschaft |
'Society called the Donkey-society' |
1478 |
German |
Ranft |
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Den ober Esel die Gesellen Rocke zu
verkunden |
'Those who wear the Tabards of the upper
Donkey Companions' |
15th c. |
German |
Ranft |
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Der Geselschafft Knecht von dem Esell |
'Knight of the Society of the Donkey' |
15th c. |
German |
Ranft |
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Dragon
(France) - This "order" was a fraternal group who vowed
to carry out certain martial tasks. It was created by a
French noble, probably Jean de Grailly, Count of Foix, around
1415, and was intended to last for one year, according to
Boulton. |
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Elephant
(Germany) - This fraternal organization was a political
and military alliance in the Tirol. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
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des Hellefants Namen |
'of the name of the Elephant' |
c. 1406 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Falcon
[1] (Germany) - This fraternal knightly order was founded
in 1380, and continued in use through the 1380s in Westfalia,
according to Kruse
et al. Beyond that, we know essentially nothing about
this order. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
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Eine Geselschaft von Rittern und Knechten,
di hißen di Falkenere |
'A Society of Knights, called the
Falcon[ers]' |
1380 |
German |
Ranft |
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unde geselschafft ... die hissen die
Falckenere |
'a society ... called the Falcon[ers]' |
1380-1398 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Falcon
[2] (Germany) - This fraternal organization was founded
in 1407, in Schwaben, with the blessing of the duke of
Austria. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Geselschaft der Valkchen, genant
Snaytholcer |
'Society of the Falcon, called
Pathcutters' |
1407 |
German |
Ranft |
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der Valken genant Snaytholczer |
'the Falcon called Pathcutters' |
c. 1407 |
German |
Ranft |
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Falkengesellschaft |
'Falcon-society' |
1432 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Fish and Falcon (Germany) - This fraternal tournament
organization was formed in 1479, from a previously existing
Society of the Fish, in the Bodensee region (for which we
have no period forms of the name), and Society of the Falcon, in
Oberschwaben. |
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DATED FORM: |
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DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Fisch und Falckhen |
'Fish and Falcon' |
1484 |
German |
Ranft |
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Falkhen und Visch |
'Falcon and Fish' |
1484 |
German |
Ranft |
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[Gesellschaft] im Valken und Vysch |
'[Society] of the [in] Falcon and Fish' |
1486 |
German |
Ranft |
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visch und valk |
'fish and falcon' |
c. 1500 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Flail
(Germany) - This society was founded by Wilhelm, Marquis
of Messen, shortly after 1407, to unify local nobles,
according to Boulton. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Geselleschaft flegiln |
'Society of [the] flails' |
1407 |
German |
Ranft |
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Societas Tritarum |
'Society of the Flails' |
15th c. [1583] |
Latin (German) |
Boulton |
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Id est Flegellarum |
'That is of the Flails' |
15th c. [1583] |
Latin (German) |
Boulton |
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Fool
(Germany) - This association was founded in Cleve in 1381
for 12 years according to Boulton. |
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DATED FORM: |
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DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
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Geselscap von den Gecken |
'Society of the Fools' |
14th c. |
German |
Boulton |
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Fox
(Germany) - This fraternal organization was founded in
1392 by Konrad, Archbishop of Mainz, and count Balthasar von
Thüringen. |
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DATED FORM: |
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DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Gesellen von den Fühssen |
'Companions of the Foxes' |
1392 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Gold(en) Apple (France) - This fraternal organization
of knights was organized in 1394 in Auvergne, according to
Boulton. |
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DATED FORM: |
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DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Ourdre de la Pomme d'Or |
'Order of the Gold(en) Apple' |
1394 |
French |
Boulton |
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Gold(en) Tree (France) - This "order" was a fraternal
group who vowed to carry out certain martial tasks,
associated with the famous pas d'armes of that name in
Brittany, held in 1468. Domínguez Casas
asserts that it functioned as a fraternal company or order.
In French, it's Arbre d'Or, but that form is not dated
as an order name; it is found in that spelling as a heraldic
title, which de la
Marche includes in his memoirs, which were completed c.
1492. |
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Green
(Young/Fresh) Love (Germany) - This appears to be a
fraternal knightly organization, best known from its altar in
the church at Friedberg. It seems to have been founded in
1365, and activity would continue until shortly after
1400. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Grunen Minnern |
'[to the] Green Love[rs]' |
1367 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Grunen Minne |
'Green Love' |
1367 |
German |
Ranft |
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Grune Mynne |
'Green Love' |
c. 1367 |
German |
Ranft |
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der Mene |
'the love' |
1370 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Grunen Mynner |
'[to the] Green Love[r]' |
1370 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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socii ac societas de veridi amore |
'brothers or society of true love' |
1371 |
Latin (German) |
Kruse et al. |
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Green
Shield with the White Lady (France) - This "order" was a
fraternal group who vowed to carry out certain martial tasks;
created in 1399 by Jean le Maingre 'de Boucicaut,' Marshall
of France, it was intended to last for five years, according
to Boulton. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Emprise de l'Escu vert a la Dame
Blanche |
'Enterprise of the Green Shield with the
White Lady' |
c. 1400 |
French |
Boulton |
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Greyhound [literally Wind[hound]] (Germany) - This
tournament society was formed of knights and prominent nobles
from the area of Heidleberg, Stuttgart, and Worms; they would
continue to function until nearly 1500. Windhund is the
German word for Greyhound. However, in all the citations of
this order found so far, -hund is not included. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Gesellschafft im Wind |
'Society of [in] the Wind[hound]' |
1450 [1566] |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Geselschafft des Winds |
'Society of the Wind[hound]' |
1459 |
German |
Ranft |
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die löblich geselschafft des winds |
'the honorable
society of the Wind[hound]' |
1483 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Griffin
[1] (Germany) - This fraternal organization was founded
in 1379 in the area around Wertheim, under the sponsorship of
the count. |
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DATED FORM: |
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DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Gesellen mit dem Gryfe |
'Companions with the Griffin' |
1379 |
German |
Ranft |
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Gesellen myt dem Gryffen |
'Companions with the Griffin' |
1379 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Griffin
[2] (Germany) - This fraternal organization was founded
around 1428 in the same area as the Society of the
Unicorn. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Societas alia oritur illorum qui deferent
grifonem |
'another society arose of those who bore the
griffin' |
1428 |
Latin (German) |
Kruse et al. |
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Holy
Spirit (Germany) - This fraternal organization was
founded in 1463; early members included the Count of
Zweibrücken and the overlord of Lichtenberg. Holy Ghost is an
the older term for the Holy Spirit. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Heyligen Geist Geselschafft |
'Holy Ghost Society' |
c. 1463 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Horn
(Germany) - This fraternal organization was founded in
1379 as a political and military alliance. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Gesellschaft vom Horne |
'Society of the Horn' |
1379 |
German |
Ranft |
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gesellen vome Horne |
'companions of the Horn' |
1379 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Geselleschafft mit den Hornern |
'Society with the Horns' |
1382 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Geselleschaft mit den Hörnern |
'Society with the Horns' |
1382 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Horse-comb (Germany) - This company was organized
around the court of Adolf I of Cleves in 1392-3, according to
Boulton. It
continues to be mentioned into the sixteenth century. In
English, this item is often referred to as a curry-comb. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
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Gheselschap van den Roskamen |
'Society of the horse-comb' |
c. 1400 |
German |
Boulton |
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societas equestris im Roskampp |
'knightly society of [in] the
Horse-comb' |
c. 1400 |
Latin (German) |
Kruse et al. |
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Hose
(Germany) - This fraternal organization was founded in
1386; it's mentioned several times before 1400. It's
associated with the Margrave Wilhelm von Meissen. Hose here
refers to the garment. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Unser Gesellen von der Hasen |
'Our Companions of the Hose (plural)' |
1379 |
German |
Ranft |
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Geselleschaft mit der Hosin |
'Society with the Hose (plural)' |
1386 |
German |
Ranft |
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Gesellen von der Hasen |
'our companions of the hose (plural)' |
1397/8 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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societas cum caliga |
'society with the hose' |
1398 |
Latin (German) |
Kruse et al. |
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Hound
(France) - This fraternal association was founded in 1416
in Barrois (the area around Bar) for a period of five years;
in 1422 it would be converted into a permanent order as the
Order of Saint Hubert under the patronage of the Duke of Bar.
The Catholic
Encyclopedia s.n. Military Orders of St. Hubert, among
other sources, give the name of this temporary organization
as Order of Fidelity, but Boulton seems to think
this not a contemporary form. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Alliance et Compagnie du Levrier |
'Alliance and Company of the Hound' |
1410s-20s |
German |
Boulton |
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Hound
(Germany) - This fraternal organization was founded in
1436, involving prominent men from Schwaben and Baden. It
continued until shortly before 1500. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Im Laithbracken |
'of [in] the Scenthound' |
1436 |
German |
Ranft |
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der Geselschafft knecht vom Leythund |
'knight of the Society of the
Scenthound' |
1482 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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im Bracken |
'of [in] the Hound' |
15th c. |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Hound and Wreath (Germany) - This tournament society
combines members of the order of the Hound (see above) and of the
Wreath (which see). It
participated in tournaments through the 1480s, according to
Kruse et
al. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Prackn und Crantz Geselschaft |
'Hounds and Wreaths Society' |
1479? |
German |
Ranft |
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die loblich Geselschaft der Laitpracken und
Kräntzlen |
'the honorable
Society of the Scenthounds and Wreaths' |
1483 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Leopard
(Germany) - This was a noble tournament society founded
by the archbishop of Magdeburg (Albrecht IV) c. 1387,
according to Boulton. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Geselschaft ... etliche tragen gulden,
etliche silbern leoparden |
'Society ... some carry gold, others silver
leopards' |
1387-1400 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Gesellen von dem Leeparde |
'Companions of the leopard' |
14th c. |
German |
Boulton |
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Gesellen mit den Lebarten |
'Companions with the leopards' |
14th c. |
German |
Boulton |
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Lion [1]
(Germany) - This association was formed by the Counts of
Nassau in 1379, together with the counts of Katzenelnbogen.
It lasted for three years (by design) according to Boulton. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Gesellschaft mit dem Lewen |
'Society with the lion' |
1379 |
German |
Boulton |
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geselschaft ... die nannten sich die
grimmende lewen |
'society ... they called themselves the
wrathful lions' |
1379-1398 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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geselleschaft der panthier oder der
lowen |
'society of the panthers or of the
lions' |
1382-1415 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Lewen-Geselschaft |
'Lion-society' |
14th c. |
German |
Boulton |
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Gesellschaft der Leon |
'Society of the Lions' |
before 1500 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Lion [2]
(Germany) - This society was organized by Wilhelm,
marquis of Meissen, in or shortly after 1407, according to
Boulton. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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die lewner |
'the lion[ers]' |
c. 1407 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
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Geselleschaft ... unde das woren lauwen |
'Society ... and those were lions' |
15th c. |
German |
Boulton |
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Lion [3]
(Germany) - This society was founded in 1489, according
to Kruse et al.
It served as a political and military alliance, rather than a
tournament society. Many of its records are found in Munich,
an important center for the organization. |
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DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
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Gesellschaft von dem Leon |
'Society of the Lion' |
1491 |
German |
Ranft |
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Gesellschaft des Löwen |
'Society of the Lion' |
16th c. |
German |
Ranft |
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Lioness
(Italy) - This fraternal organization was active from
1386-90, representing a faction in the fight between Louis
d'Anjou and Queen Margherita for control of the kingdom of
Naples during the minority of Ladislao, according to de Ceballos-Escalera.
Boulton makes
clear that another well known faction was eventually created
as a formal order by Margherita, as the Order of the Spool
(often translated as "reel"). In Italian, this is usually
written as Leonza, rather than the more standard
leonesa (Giannone). |
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Lizard
(Germany) - This fraternal organization was founded in
1397. It continued into the middle of the fifteenth
century. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Gesellschaft der Oydechzen |
'Society of the Lizards' |
1397 |
German |
Ranft |
|
geselschaft der aedechzer |
'Society of the Lizard[ers]' |
1451 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
egdesser die gesellschaft |
'lizard[ers], the Society' |
1452 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
dy eudechser |
'the lizard[ers]' |
1452 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
geselschaft der Eydossen |
'society [of] the Lizard[ers]' |
1453 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
adexir |
'lizard' |
1453 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
Eudöchszer |
'Lizard' |
c. 1453 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
|
|
Lynx
(Germany) - This society was established in 1410 by
various nobles of northern Franconia, including the
Prince-Abbot of Fulda and the count of Waldeck. It was
intended to last for 10 years, according to Boulton. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Gesellschaft von dem Losse |
'Society of the Lynx' |
15th c. |
German |
Boulton |
|
|
|
Mallet
(Germany) - This fraternal knightly organization was
founded in 1395 or 1396. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Gesellschaft mit den Schlegeln |
'Society with the Mallets' |
1396 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
Gesellschaft in Tütschen Landen, di sich
nennent Slegeler |
'Society in German Lands, which calls itself
Mallet[ers]' |
1396 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
Die von Schlegeln |
'Those of the Mallets' |
c. 1400 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
|
|
Marsh
Hawk [literally "Martin's Bird"] (Germany) - This order
was founded in 1367, formed by the Counts of Württemberg and
the Counts of Eberstein. In 1395, the organization was
reformulated and continued for a few years. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Gesellescheft von den Martinsvogeln |
'Society of the Marsh Hawks' |
1367 |
German |
Ranft |
|
|
|
Moon
(Germany) - This fraternal organization had an altar for
its use in the church of Friedberg. It is mentioned in
various documents from 1371 to 1398. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Mane |
'Moon' |
1371 |
German |
Ranft |
|
van dem manen |
'of the moon' |
1387 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
|
|
Old Love
(Germany) - This association was formed by the Counts of
Nassau in 1375-8 according to Boulton. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Gesellen von der alden Minne |
'Companions of the old Love' |
1375 |
German |
Ranft |
|
Gesellen von der alden mynne |
'Companions of the old love' |
c. 1375 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
Alte Minne |
'Old Love' |
14th c. |
German |
Boulton |
|
|
|
Our Lady or Swan (Germany) - This fraternal
organization was founded by Friedrich II, Marquis of
Brandenburg in 1440. It continues to be mentioned into the
sixteenth century, according to Kruse et al. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
selschapp unnser liven frowen |
'Society of dear lady' |
1440 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
Schwanenordens |
'Swan-order's' |
1440 |
German |
Ranft |
|
societas in honorem beate Mariae
virginis |
'society in honor of the blessed virgin
Mary' |
15th c. |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
|
|
Pale
Horse (Germany) - This society was a noble society
attached to the court of Gerhart von Jülich (though he did
not found it), duke of Berg according to Boulton. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Gesellen van den valen perden |
'Companions of the pale horses' |
14th c. |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
|
|
Popinjay
(Germany) - This fraternal organization was founded in
1414 by the counts of Bayern-München, Bayern-Landshut, and
Pfalz-Amberg. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
die Sitichen |
'the Popinjays' |
c. 1414 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
|
|
Prisoner's Iron (France) - This "order" was a
fraternal group who vowed to carry out certain martial tasks.
It was created by Jean Capet, duke of Bourbon, in 1415, and
was intended to last for two years, according to Boulton. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Fer de Prisonnier |
'Prisoner's Iron (Shackle)' |
c. 1415 |
French |
Boulton |
|
|
|
Ram
(Germany) - This fraternal knightly organization was
founded in 1386 under the auspices of count Heinrich zu
Henneberg. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Gesellin mit dem Widder |
'Companions with the Ram' |
1386 |
German |
Ranft |
|
|
|
Red
Sleeve (Germany) - This fraternal organization was
founded in 1331, under the auspices of the Archbishops of
Trier and Köln. It seems to have been shortlived. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Roden Ermeln |
'Red Sleeves' |
1331 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
Gesellen, die die roden Arme han |
'Companions who have the red Arms' |
1331 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
|
|
Rose
(Germany) - This fraternal organization was founded in
Bamberg in 1439. It is not well documented. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Geselleschafft der Rosen |
'Society of the Rose' |
c. 1439 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
|
|
Saint Christopher [1] (Germany) - This fraternal noble
organization was founded under the leadership of Wilhelm IV,
Count of Henneburg-Schleusingen, in 1465, according to
Boulton. In its
statutes, it is simply described as the Bruderschafft und
Gesellschafft 'Brotherhood and Society' and
brüderlichen Gesellschaft 'brotherly/fraternal
Society,' according to Kruse et al. |
|
|
|
Saint Christopher [2] (Germany) - This fraternal noble
organization was founded in 1517 under the leadership of
Siegmund von Dietrichstein, according to Kruse et al. It was
Catholic; the founder was a close associate of the Holy Roman
Emperor and involved in the Counterreformation. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
S. Christoffs Gesellschaft |
'Saint Christopher's Sociey' |
1517? |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
|
|
Saint George [1] (Germany) - This fraternal
organization was found in 1375 as a political and military
organization; it was intended to last for three years,
according to Kruse
et al. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Geselschaf van synt Joeris |
'Society of saint George' |
1375 |
German |
Ranft |
|
Selschaff van sent Joeris |
'Society of saint George' |
1377 |
German |
Ranft |
|
gheselscap van sente Iorijs |
'society of saint George' |
1378 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
|
|
Saint George [2] (Germany) - This fraternal knightly
organization was founded in 1381, according to Kruse et al. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Geselschaft mit sant Gyren |
'Society with saint George' |
1381 |
German |
Ranft |
|
Jorgern |
'George[rs]' |
1381 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
geselschaft sante Georgen |
'Society of saint George' |
1381 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
|
|
Saint George of
Rougemont (France) - This confraternal order was created
in the Franche Comté of Burgundy around 1440, according to
Boulton. |
|
|
|
Saint Georges and Saint Williams Shields (Austria) -
This company was founded by Duke Friderich of Austria in
1436. It was a reformulation of an earlier organization that
had been the company of Saint William's Shield, according to
Boulton. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Gesellschaft mit sant Georgen und sant
Wilhelms schild |
'Society with saint George's and saint
William's shield' |
1436 |
German |
Boulton |
|
Geselschaft auf St. Wilhelms Schilt |
'Society on Saint William's Shield' |
15th c. |
German |
Boulton |
|
Sand Jörgen und Sand Wilhelm |
'Saint George and Saint William' |
15th c. |
German |
Boulton |
|
|
|
Saint Georges Shield (Germany) - This fraternal
knightly organization was founded in 1406, in Schwaben. It
continued to exist for a century. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Ritterschaft sant Gergen Shiltz |
'Knightly-society of saint George's
Shield' |
c. 1406 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
mit dem Zaichen Sant Jörgen Kräuzes |
'with the Sign of Saint George's Cross' |
1408 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
ritterschaft mit sant jörien schilte |
'knightly-society with saint george's
shield' |
1442 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
|
|
Saint
Hubert (France) - This confraternal order was founded in
1422 in the Duchy of Bar, according to Boulton. It replaced the
earlier Company of the Hound. |
|
|
|
Saint Hubert (Germany) - This fraternal noble
organization was founded under the leadership of Gerhard,
Count of Sayn, in 1447, according to Boulton. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
ritterbruderschafft sant Huperechtz |
'knightlybrotherhood of saint Hubert' |
1447 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
Bruderschafft und ritterliche Geselschafft
zu Lobe besonder sente Huprichcz |
'Brotherhood and knightly Society in special
honor of saint Hubert' |
1447 |
German |
Ranft |
|
|
|
Saint Sebastian (Germany) - This fraternal noble
organization was founded sometime before 1483, probably by a
count of Nassau, according to Boulton. |
|
|
|
Saint Simplicius (Germany) - This society was founded
in 1492 by the Prince-Abbot of Fulda, who was the brother of
Count Wilhem of Henneburg-Schleusingen, according to Boulton. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Des heilgen ritters sandt Simplicij
gesellschaft |
'society of the holy knight saint
Simplicius' |
c. 1492 |
German |
Boulton |
|
|
|
Saint William (Germany) - This association was
established for two years (1380-2) by the counts of
Helfenstein and Württemberg; its badge was an image of the
saint bearing a lance with a banner of "Azure, a mullet Or"
(the saint's arms) according to Boulton. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Die Wilhelmer |
The William[ers] |
1380 |
German |
Ranft |
|
St. Wilhelmsgesellschaft |
'St. William's-society' |
1380 |
German |
Ranft |
|
Geselschafft mit sant Wilhalmen |
'Society with saint William' |
14th c. |
German |
Boulton |
|
|
|
Saint Williams
Shield (Austria) - This organization was founded in 1432
and was reorganized in 1436 into
Saint Georges and Saint Williams Shield (which see). |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Geselschaft auf St. Wilhelms Schilt |
'Society on Saint William's Shield' |
1433 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
|
|
Salamander (Austria) - This society was probably
founded around 1390 by Albrecht IV, duke of Austria,
according to Boulton. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Geselschaft des Salamanders |
'Society of the Salamander' |
14th/15th c. |
German |
Boulton |
|
Fürstlich geselschaft des Salamanders |
'Princely society of the Salamander' |
1454 |
German |
Boulton |
|
|
|
Sickle
(Germany) - This society was founded by the bishop of
Paderborn (Ruprecht von dem Berge) in 1391. It included
several important nobles. A later company of the same name
was founded c. 1400 in Anhalt-Zerbst-Dessau, east of the
duchy of Brunswick, but we have no period forms of its name,
according to Boulton. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Gesellen van den Sekelen |
'Companions of the Sickles' |
1391 |
German |
Ranft |
|
Heren und Gesellen van den Sekelen |
'Lords and Companions of the Sickles' |
1392 |
German |
Boulton |
|
ghesellen mid der Zeekeln |
'companions with the Sickles' |
1398 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
von der Zeekeln |
'of the Sickles' |
1398 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
Ghesellen mid der Zeekel |
'Companions with the Sickle' |
1390s |
German |
Ranft |
|
|
|
Spear
(Germany) - This organization is known only from a
document making an alliance with the Brotherhood of the Wolf (which
see). It was located in Schwaben, and was presumably the same
sort of fraternal organization as the Brotherhood of the Wolf. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Geselleschefft mit den Spiesen |
'Society with the Spears' |
1366/7 |
German |
Ranft |
|
|
|
Star
(Germany) - This fraternal organization was founded in
1372; its members included prominent men from Hesse,
Westfalia, Sachesen, Buchenau, etc., including several
counts. Despite that, it seems to have been shortlived. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Die sich nennet die Sterner |
'that calls itself the Star[ers]' |
1372 |
German |
Ranft |
|
Geselleschaff von den Sterren |
'Society of the Stars' |
1372 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
Gesellschaft mit dem Sterne |
'Society with the Star' |
1373 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
|
|
Star
(Austria) - This fraternal knightly organization was
founded in 1406 in Austria, with the permission of Albrecht
IV. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Gesellschaft ... herren ritter und knecht
... die das hefftel mit stern tragend |
'Society ... [of] lords and knights ...
those who carry a pin with a star' |
c. 1406 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
ritterschaft des punt des sterns |
'knightly-society of the point of the
star' |
1407 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
|
|
Sword
(Germany) - This organization is mentioned in 1370-1 and
included elites from Schwaben. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Gesellschafft mit dem Swert |
'Society with the Sword' |
1370 |
German |
Ranft |
|
|
|
Tiercelet (France) - This fraternal order of lesser
nobility was founded by 1385, by a group of Gascon nobles,
according to Vale. A
printed notice of its statutes dated 1781 give it as "Statuts
d'un ordre de chevalerie sous le nom de Tiercelet (ou de
l'Epervier)." A tiercelet is a male falcon; epervier is a
gloss added by the 18th c. editor. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Lenseigne dudit ordre est et sera un
tercellet |
'the insignia of the said order is and will
be a tiercelet' |
1377-1385 |
Occitan |
Vale |
|
|
|
Tress
(Austria) - This society was founded sometimes between
1365 and 1386 by Albrecht III, duke of Austria, and was at an
end before 1400, according to Boulton. Kruse et al. date its
founding to around 1395. The German is Zopfe (Middle High
German) or Zopff (modern); the former is used as a byname for
the duke: mit dem Zopfe and mitt dem Zopff are
documentary forms from the duke's lifetime. A tress is a
plait of hair; it is normally depicted as a braid that
appears to have been cut from someone's head. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
eine Gesellschaft des Zopfs |
'a Society of the Tress' |
1395 |
German |
Steeb |
|
Geselschafft vom Zopf |
'Society of the Tress' |
14th c. |
German |
Boulton |
|
Ain ritterliche geselscafft, daz war ain
zopff |
'a knightly-society, there was a tress' |
c. 1400 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
|
|
Unicorn
[1] (Germany) - This fraternal organization was founded
in 1398 by Friederich von Braunschweig and Balthasar von
Thüringen, according to Kruse et al. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
unser gesellen von dem Einhorn |
'our companions of the Unicorn' |
1398 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
|
|
Unicorn
[2] (Germany) - This fraternal organization was founded
in 1428 and reestablished in 1466 in Bavaria. Many important
nobles were members. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Geselschafft vom Aingehürn |
'Society of the Unicorn' |
1428 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
societas eorum, qui deferent unicornem, et
ob hoc volgus societatum illam pökchlär |
'their society, which bears a unicorn, and
because of this the people called them pökchlär [probably
derived from boch 'buck'/'ram']' |
1428 |
Latin (German) |
Kruse et al. |
|
geselschaft vom ayngehürn |
'society of the unicorn' |
1431 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
Gesellschafft vom Ayngehürn |
'Society of the Unicorn' |
1466 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
|
|
Unicorn
[3] (Germany) - Not much is known of the structure or
origin of this tournament society, which first appears in
1479 and appears in rolls of arms and tournament books. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Eynhorner |
'Unicorn[ers]' |
c. 1479 |
German |
Ranft |
|
Geselschaft des Einhorns |
'Society of the Unicorn' |
c. 1500 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
|
|
Unicorn and Maiden (Germany) - This fraternal
organization was founded in 1424 by the count of Leuchtenberg
and count of Hals, among others. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Geselchafft des Aingehörns undt der
Junkhfrauen |
'Society of the Unicorn and the Maiden' |
1424 |
German |
Ranft |
|
|
|
Wheel
(Germany) - This society is attested in 1342-3, and has
an altar in Cleves dedicated to Saint George. It was not
founded by a prince, but was a fraternal group according to
Boulton. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Geselscap van de Rade |
'Society of the Wheel' |
1342 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
Ghesellen van den Raeed |
'Companions of the Wheels' |
1343 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
|
|
Wolf [1]
(Germany) - This fraternal knightly organization was
founded in 1366 or 1367 in Schwaben; it seems to have been
intended to last for two years. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Geselschaft mit den Wolffen |
'Society with the Wolves' |
1366/7 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
|
|
Wolf [2]
(Germany) - This fraternal organization was founded
around 1459 as a tournament society in the central Rhine
area; it was active until after 1500. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
die loblich geselschaft des wolfs |
'the honorable
society of the wolf' |
1483 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
der gesellschafft im Wolff vom Rein |
'the society of [in] the Wolf of the
Rhein' |
1487 |
German |
Kruse et al. |
|
Gesellschafft im Wolff |
'Society of [in] the Wolf' |
1566 |
German |
Ranft |
|
|
|
Wreath
(Germany) - This fraternal tournament society was founded
around 1479; it is documented in several rolls of arms in the
period leading up to and just after 1500. |
|
|
DATED FORM: |
TRANSLATION: |
DATE: |
LANGUAGE: |
SOURCE: |
|
Geselschaft im Kranntz |
'Society of [in] the Wreath' |
1479 |
German |
Ranft |
|
|