Collected Precedents of the S.C.A.: Latin


Name Precedents: Latin

Laurel: Date: (year.month.date) Precedent:
Shauna of Carrick Point 2004.05 The submitter requested authenticity for 13th C Italy. Because da is the usual Italian preposition used in a locative byname, the commentors questioned whether the preposition de was correct. However, as Kraken notes, "In the 13th century (the desired time frame), the transition from medieval Latin to Italian was in its early stages, and the Latin preposition de would still be in use..." [Lorita de Siena, 05/04, A-East]
François la Flamme 2004.03 Sudentor was submitted as Middle English with the documentation:

Ekwall notes under Dunster a form Dunstore dated 1138. Under Haytor is noted Eofede torr dated 1323, both of which reference an entry torr, an Old English word meaning "High rock, peak, hill". Under Siddington appears Sudendune, dated to the Domesday book of 1066.

The Middle English Dictionary (Kurath and Kuhn, 1954) under tor notes a placename Torbiri dated 1271 and Blaketorre dated 1296.

However, there are a couple of issues with the proposed form Sudentor. First, the example of Sudendune dated to the Domesday Book is Old English (or a Latinized form of an Old English placename). It is not Middle English.

Second, the cited examples of Dunstore and Eofede torr support -tore as the second element in a dithematic placename and torr as the second word in a two element placename. Neither supports -tor as a Middle English deuterotheme (second half) of a dithematic (two-element, one-word) placename.

As a result, the submitted form Sudentor is actually a mix of Old English and Middle English. RfS III.1.a requires linguistic consistency within a name phrase. Therefore, this name must be changed to a fully Old English or a fully Middle English form in order to be registerable.

Ekwall (s.n. Siddington) dates the form Sudingdone to 1286, showing Suding- as a Middle English form of the earlier Suden-. Therefore, a fully Middle English form of this name would be Sudingtore.

Ekwall (s.n. Dunster) dates the form Torre to the Domesday Book. Therefore, Sudentorre would be a form of this name consistent for the language of the Domesday Book (mainly Latinized Old English).

Of these two forms, Sudentorre is closer than Sudingtore in sound and appearance to the submitted Sudentor. As the submitters allow minor changes, we have changed this name to the form Sudentorre in order to register this name. [Sudentorre, Canton of, 03/2004, A-Atlantia]

François la Flamme 2004.03 [Order name Ordo Famuli] Submitted as Ordo Primarius Famularis, Primarius was documented from a Latin dictionary as meaning 'in the first rank'. No evidence was provided and none was found to support a word with this meaning in a period order name. Lacking such evidence, we have dropped this element as the submitters allow all changes.

Additionally, the grammar of this order name was incorrect. The form Famularis is an adjective, not a noun. Grammatically correct forms would be Ordo Famuli 'Order of the Servant' and Ordo Famulorum 'Order of the Servants'. As the desired meaning was given as 'Primary or Honored Servant', we have registered this name in the singular form.

[Stromgard, Barony of, 03/2004, A-Æthelmearc]
François la Flamme 2004.02 Submitted as Marcellus Padovano, the submitter requested authenticity for Renaissance Italian and allowed all changes. The submitter indicated that the sound "Marcellus" is most important to him.

As submitted, this name combines a Latin form of the given name with an Italian form of the byname. Typically, if a given name was written in Latin rather than in Italian, the byname would also be written in Latin. A man with this name would have had his name written in the fully Latin form Marcellus Padovanus, if the document in which his name was recorded was in Latin. Similarly, he would be recorded using the fully Italian form Marcello Padovano in an Italian language document. As the fully Latin form preserves the sound of Marcellus, we have changed this name to the Latin form Marcellus Padovanus in order to meet the submitter's request for authenticity. [Marcellus Padovanus, 02/2004, A-Caid]

François la Flamme 2004.02 [Household name Consortium Turrium No evidence was presented, nor could any be found that Consortium was a term used to refer to a group of people in period, or that Consortium Turrium follows a period naming pattern for an organized group of people in period. Lacking such evidence, this household name does not meet RfS III.2.b.iv, which states that "Household names must follow the patterns of period names of organized groups of people." Therefore, this household name cannot be registered.

In addition, the submitter may wish to know that the the submitted construction does not mean 'Consortium of the Tower' which he indicated was his desired meaning. The form that would have that meaning would be Consortium Turris. The submitted form means 'Consortium of the Towers'. [Kevin of Thornbury, 02/2004, R-Atlantia]

François la Flamme 2004.01 There was some controversy regarding the registerability of the given name Thalia. Thalia was registered with an English byname in 1995:

In Greek mythology Thalia 'bloom; good cheer, wealth, plenty' was the Muse of comedy and one of the three Graces; the other two Graces were Euphrosyne 'cheerfulness, mirth, merriment' and Aglaia 'splendor, beauty, brightness'. Evidence for period use of the names of the Muses is slight [...] De Felice mentions several saints Eufrosina and indicates that Aglaia was used during the Italian Renaissance, while Withycombe notes a legendary saint Aglaia. Thus, the names of at least two of the three Graces were in use in Europe toward the end of our period; [...] we are willing to grant the possibility that the remaining name, Thalia, might have been used then. [Thalia Woodhall, 09/1995, A-An Tir]

Additionally, De Felice Dizionario dei nomi Italiani (p. 160 s.n. Euterpe) indicates that the name Euterpe, also the name of a Muse, came into use in the Italian Renaissance. Based on this evidence, it is reasonable to give the submitter the benefit of the doubt that the name of the third Grace could have been used in Italy during the Renaissance. We do not know the form it would have taken, but the spelling Thalia is a reasonable Latinized form.

Lacking evidence that any of the names of the Muses or Graces were used in England during the Renaissance, Thalia is not registerable as an English name. As English and Italian are registerable in the same name with one weirdness, this name is registerable.

There was a question raised during commentary regarding the what exactly the documentation was that was referenced in the ruling:

Note: documentation was presented for the use of Thalia by humans in our period. [Thalia Baroncelli, 09/1998, A-Middle]

A check of the submitter's file indicates that a commenter found the name Thalia as a 1st-2nd C A. D. Greek feminine given name in P. M. Fraser and E. Matthews, A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names (volume IIIA, p. 197 s.n. [theta-alpha-lamda-eta-iota-alpha]), which lists Thalia as a Latin form. [Thalia Ruggenall, 01/2004, A-Outlands]

François la Flamme 2004.01 [Order name Order of Arquites Australes] Submitted as Order of Arquites Australis, based on the documentation, this order name basically means 'Order of Southern Bowmen'. No documentation was presented and none was found that an adjective meaning 'Southern' would have appeared in an order name in period. However, the barony has previously registered Order of the Lux Australis (registered in November 1993), Order of the Flos Australis (registered April 1988), and Order of the Astrum Australis (registered March 1985). Roughly translated, these order names mean 'Order of the Southern Light', 'Order of the Southern Flower', and 'Order of the Southern Star', respectively. Therefore, this basic construction is grandfathered to the barony so long as the noun in the order name is within the rather wide group of 'light', 'flower', and 'star'.

The submitted order name was intended to mean 'Order of the Southern Bowmen', based on the documentation provided in the LoI:

Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898) (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062). Under 'arquites', it says to look under 'sagitarii', which says "The bowmen of the Roman armies. These were generally raised by levy or furnished by the allies. The Cretan, Balearic, and Asiatic bowmen were especially celebrated." The Barony already has other Order names using 'Australis', meaning 'southern'.

In this case, the grammar of the order name is not quite correct. Metron Ariston explains:

A quick look at the big Lewis and Short confirms my initial impression that arquites does appear in a classical gloss for sagittarii but also confirms my recollection that this form is plura[l]. That being the case, I would expect the plural form of the adjective: australes. That would make the nominative form arquites australes. However, if they really want a Latin form, it should be Ordo followed by the genitive: Ordo Arquitum Australium.

Based on Metron Ariston's information, we have changed the adjective in this order name from the singular Australis to the plural Australes in order to match the plural Arquites referring to bowmen (rather than a single bowman).

While Arquites 'bowmen' does not fall into the same category of 'star', 'flower', and 'light' used in the barony's previously registered order names, a word meaning 'bowmen' is reasonable based on examples of period order names referring to plural groups of people such as Militia, Knights, Preachers, etc., listed in Meradudd Cethin's article "Project Ordensnamen OR What do you mean that the Anceint[sic] and Venerable Order of the Most Holy and Righteous Wombat's Toenail isn't period?" (http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/order/). As a result, the order name Order of Arquites Australes violates the RfS (due to lack of documentation of 'Southern' in an order name) in the same manner as the previously registered order names. While the word grandfathered via these order names is the singular form Arquitis, it is reasonable to allow the grandfathering to extend to the plural form Arquites because construction of this order name omitting Australes ('Order of the Bowmen') otherwise follows period construction examples. [Citadel of the Southern Pass, Barony of the, 01/2004, A-Outlands]

François la Flamme 2004.01 Submitted as Gwenlliana  Iohannes, the submitter requested authenticity for Welsh and allowed any changes. Clarion provided commentary regarding an authentic form of this name:

Given the use of both Wen and Gwen in the 13th century guide [Tangwystyl verch Morgant Glasvryn, "A Simple Guide to Constructing 13th Century Names", http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/tangwystyl/welsh13.html], Gwentliana is probably a reasonable variant of Gwenllian for the 13th century. Taking the suggestion from the LoI that the name be normalized to the 13th century, this form is closer to the submitter's originally desired name. Probably the best for this period would be Gwentliana filia Iohannes.

We have changed this name to the Latinized form suggested by Clarion in order to meet the submitter's request for authenticity. Gwentliana filia Iohannes is a Latinized form, which would have appeared in documents from Wales in the submitter's desired time period.

This is close to, but clear of, Gwenllian ferch Owain (registered in January 1998). While both Owain and Iohannes are forms of John, they are being used in bynames and are in different languages (Welsh and Latin, respectively). As a result, the two bynames must only be significantly different in both sound and appearance, which they are. [Gwentliana filia Iohannes, 01/2004, A-Outlands]

François la Flamme 2003.12 Submitted as Hubert d'Aquae mortuae, the submitter requested authenticity for 13th C France (southern) and allowed all changes. The LoI provided documentation for the byname d'Aquae mortuae:

Aigués-Mortes: Dauzat, Noms de Lieux page 5 header Aiguebelette gives Aigue-Mortes and a 13th century form of the name Aquae mortuae 1248. It means a place with stagnant water.

Unfortunately, the submitted byname d'Aquae mortuae is violates RfS III.1.a, which requires linguistic consistency within a name phrase. Metron Ariston explains:

The byname mixes French orthography and Latin. If you are going to use the Latin form of the place name, you need to use the Latin preposition and the appropriate ablative form: de Aquis Mortuis. The French form would be d'Aigue Mortes. Either would work with Hubert, but you have to choose French or Latin for the phrase.

In order to meet the submitter's request for authenticity, we have modified this byname based on the dated example provided in the LoI, changing only the cases of the words as recommended by Metron Ariston. [Hubert de Aquis mortuis, 12/2003, A-Ansteorra]

François la Flamme 2003.12 Regarding the submitter's request for authenticity: in our period, a man of mixed Italian and Spanish ancestory would have had his name recorded in different ways. In a document written in Italian, his name would have been written completely in an Italian form. In a document written completely in Spanish, his name would have been written completely in a Spanish form.

Maridonna Benvenuti, a regular attendee at the Pelican decision meetings, made time to specifically research this item as a courtesy to the submitter and we thank her for her effort. She found one example of Argento included as part of a byname in period:

Caracausi, Girolamo, Dizionario Onomastico della Sicilia, two volumes, 1994, Palermo, s.n. Argento, has a Latin entry <Iohannes de Argento> a. 1324. This byname is from a placename.

Based on the form of the name found by Maridonna, the form de Argento appears to be a Latin form. Lacking evidence that Argento would have appeared as a stand-alone byname in period, we would have changed this byname to the documented form de Argento in order to register this name. However, as the submitter allows no changes, we were unable to make this change. [Miguel Argento, 12/2003, R-West]

François la Flamme 2003.11 Submitted as Gerardus Christopherus du Bourgogne, the submitter requested that his name be made authentic for Norman French and allowed any changes. The locative element uses du 'of the' with a place name; it should be de 'of/from.' We have made this change. As the given name and patronymic are Latinized, we have also changed the locative element to the Latinized form in order to meet the request for authenticity. Latinized forms are typical documentary forms. A 14th century French form from Haute Picardie would be Gerard Christofle de Bourgoingne (all elements from Morlet �tude d'Anthroponymie Picarde); an early Anglo-Norman form would be Gerard Christofer Burgoin.

Questions were raised in commentary as to whether there was evidence of unmarked patronymics in Latinized forms. While patronymics are more frequently found in the genitive form, making Gerardus Christopheri, Reaney and Wilson give many examples of unmarked Latinized patronymics in Anglo-Norman names (for example: Alfredus Folkeredus dated to 1204 s.n. Alfred). [Gerardus Christopherus de Burgondia, 11/2003, A-Atenveldt]

François la Flamme 2003.10 Submitted as Robert de Bury atte Okeforde, the submitter allowed any changes. As submitted, this name contained two locative bynames that both contained prepositions (de and atte). Lacking evidence that such constructions were used in period, they have previously been ruled to be reason for return:

Submitted as Stephen de Montfort of Huntington, no evidence was found that a name consisting of two locative bynames, both containing the prepositions de or of, is plausible in English. In cases of English names with what seems to be two locative bynames, the first is almost certainly an inherited surname and the second is a true locative. We have, therefore, dropped de in order to follow this pattern and register the name. [Stephen Montfort of Huntington, 01/02, A-Caid]

Based on this construction pattern, we have changed this name to the form Robert  Bury atte Okeforde in order to register this name.

Aryanhwy merch Catmael found examples of two marked locative bynames used in Latin records:

The only way I can support two locatives in the same name is when one is a literal byname and the other functions more as an "address" rather than an actual part of the name. Such examples include <Johanne de Chestre de lench> and <Henrici de Longe de Tuekesbery>, found in Lay subsidy rolls, A.D. 1346, and A.D. 1358 for the county of Worcester, ed. for Worcestershire Historical Society by John Amphlett. Oxford: Printed for the Society by J. Parker and co., 1900. (Microfiche. Cambridge, England: Chadwyck-Healey, Ltd., 1979.)

The examples found by Aryanhwy are unusual and involve names that are recorded in completely Latin forms. Based on the Latin forms found in Reaney & Wilson (s.nn. Ashford, Oakley), Okeford is a plausible Latin form. Therefore, Robertus de Bury de Okeford would be a fully Latin form of this name that would follow the period construction pattern found by Aryanhwy and, so, would be registerable. [Robert Bury atte Okeforde, 10/2003, A-East]

François la Flamme 2003.10 Submitted as Catell filius Matuc, the submitter requested authenticity for 4th C Wales and allowed any changes. Harpy provided information about an appropriate form of this name for the submitter's desired time and culture:

In the 4th century, you're still talking about late Brittonic rather than Welsh of any flavor.

The forms <Matuc> and <Catell> are from the Old Welsh period (7th and 10th centuries respectively, in this case). While I don't have Brittonic-era examples of either, the reconstruction appears fairly straightforward. Both names appear to involve a root + suffix rather than a prototheme + deuterotheme, which means that I don't have to guess quite so much about composition vowels. Looking at the spellings in the earliest names from Jackson (Language and History in Early Britain) which go back to the 5th century but are reasonably similar to what you'd expect a century earlier, I'd reconstruct a Latinized nominative <Catellus> (the same you'd expect in Latinized Old Welsh) and a Latinized genitive <Mataci>. The suffix here starts out as <-ac-> in Brittonic, begins shifting to <-oc-> in the 7th century, then to <-auc-> in the 8th. The Old Welsh form <Matuc>, if it's a variant of Madog, represents a variant of this last stage. (It's also possible that it's the same root with a different suffix -- the one found in later Welsh as <-wg>. It's hard to tell, since I don't have any other evidence for Madwg and Madog is incredibly common.)

In the 4th century, a written form would definitely be Latin-context, so putting it all together, we've got <Catellus filius Mataci>. (These particular names happen to be quite similar in their Brittonic and Old Welsh forms, but this is pure chance.)

We have changed this name to the form suggested by Harpy in order to meet the submitter's request for authenticity. [Catellus filius Mataci, 10/2003, A-Middle]

François la Flamme 2003.10 Submitted as Idonie Tait, the documentation for Idonie provided in the LoI was:

[...] on p. 38 of "The Lady in Medieval England 1000-1500" by Peter Coss (ISN #0-905-778-367) and[sic] the wax seal of Idonie de Hurst (Kent, 12th C.).

The photocopy of this page provided by the submitter shows that the text around the edge of the seal is: SIGILLVM IDONIE DE HURST. The caption for this illustration begins, "The seal of Idonia de Hurst, lady of Broomhil, Kent, late twelfth century." Idonia is the nominative form of this name. (A woman's given name uses the nominative case in her name.) Due to Latin grammar, this name takes the genitive form Idonie when it follows the word Sigullum in the text of this seal, which can be normalized as Sigullum Idonie de Hurst meaning 'The seal of Idonia de Hurst'.

Lacking evidence that the form Idonie would have been used as a woman's name in the nominative case, we have changed this name to the nominative form Idonia in order to register this name. [Idonia Tait, 10/2003, A-Middle]

François la Flamme 2003.10 Submitted as Stella of Lundeia, the submitter requested authenticity for the 12th to 14th C and allowed minor changes. The byname of Lundeia combined the English of with the Latin Lundeia and, so, violated RfS III.1.a, which requires linguistic consistency within a name phrase.

Ekwall (p. 307 s.n. Lundy Island) dates the Latin form Lundeia to 1189 and the English form Lunday to 1281. Reaney & Wilson (p. 288 s.n. Lundy) dates Walter de Lundy to 1305 and John of Lundy to 1499. Based on this information, a fully Latin form of this byname would be de Lundeia. Fully English forms of this byname would be of Lunday, de Lunday, of Lundy, and de Lundy.

Of these forms, the last two English forms, of Lundy and de Lundy, would best match the time period in which Stella was found. (The submitter's documentation shows Stella as dated to 1379.) As the submitter only allows minor changes, and changing the language of a name phrase is a major change, we were unable to change the Latin Lundeia to an English form in order to match the time period for Stella. Changing the language of a particle, such as of, is a minor change rather than a major since the particle is not the substantive part of the byname. Therefore, we have changed the byname to the completely Latin form de Lundeia in order to register this name. [Stella de Lundeia, 10/2003, A-Ansteorra] [Stella de Lundeia, 10/2003, A-Ansteorra]

François la Flamme 2003.09 Submitted as Elena neyn Duhile, the submitter requested authenticity for 13th C Scots and allowed all changes.

Scots, a language closely related to English, was spoken in the lowlands and towns of Scotland by the end of our period. The earliest surviving records written in Scots date from c. 1375. Lacking any evidence that Scots was used in the 13th C, it is not possible to make this name authentic for "13th C Scots".

The submitted byname neyn Duhile combined the Scots neyn with Duhile, found in Black (s.n. MacDoual), which states: "Fergus McDuhile in Wigton was juror on inquest at Berwick, 1296, and in the same year as Fergus MacDowilt rendered homage." Given the date, time, and location of the inquest cited by Black, this record was most likely written in Latin or Anglo-Norman French. The Scots form neyn would not be found in a Latin or Anglo-Norman French document, or in any 13th C document. Lacking evidence that any form McDuhile is a Scots form, the byname neyn Duhile combines Scots with either Anglo-Norman French or Latin, and so violates RfS III.1.a, which requires linguistic consistency within a name phrase. Without evidence of a Scots form of McDuhile, we are unable to hypothesize a feminine Scots form of this byname.

However, the vast majority of Scottish records that survive from the period desired by the submitter are written in Latin. These records provide enough information to construct a fully Latin form of the submitted name that is appropriate for 13th C Scotland. Black (p. 6 s.n. Achmuty) dates Elena la Suchis to 1296. Typical Latin construction for a woman's name may be seen in the name Muriella filia Coneval, which Black (pp. 620-621 s.n. Muriel) dates to 1284. Black (s.n. MacDoual) shows that this name corresponds to the modern Scottish Gaelic MacDh�ghaill 'son of Dougal'. This origin can be seen in Dugalli, the Latin byname form corresponding to the submitted Duhile, which is found in the seal for a man who lived in 1296 which reads S' Will' f' Dugalli (Black, p. 217 s.n. Dougalson).

Based on this information, a fully Latin form of the submitted name, appropriate for 13th C Scotland, would be Elena filia Dugalli and would most likely belong to a woman of Scoto-Norman descent. [Elena filia Dugalli, 09/2003 LoAR, A-Trimaris]

François la Flamme 2003.09 There was some question regarding whether de Rath is a period byname in Ireland. Annales Hiberniae (Grace's Annals) (http://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100001/index.html) lists Johannes White de Rath on p. 90. As this document is in Latin, it provides support for de Rath in Latin, though not in Gaelic or Anglicized Irish. [Quhinten de Rath, 09/2003, A-Atlantia]
François la Flamme 2003.09 The byname, originally submitted as de Nova Castria, was intended to be a Latin byname meaning 'of Newcastle'. The submitter may wish to know that Metron Ariston provided information regarding this Latin byname:

The Latin form of the name of Newcastle is indeed Novum Castrum according to the on-line version of Grässe's Orbis Latinus; Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit. This work, long invaluable for medieval historians and collectors of incunabula, collates Latin locatives from medieval manuscripts and early printed books. It has now been placed on line by my old colleagues at Columbia University at www.columbia.edu/acis/ets/Graesse/contents.html. However, whether the name were masculine or feminine, it needs to be in the ablative if it is Latin after the Latin preposition de and thus it should be de Novo Castro or de Nov{o-} Castr{o-}, if you prefer to retain the traditional length marking over the final vowels.

Based on this information, Griffin de Novo Castro and Griffin de Nov{o-} Castr{o-} would be gramatically correct forms of the submitted name. [Griffin de Novum Castrum, 09/2003 LoAR, R-Caid]

François la Flamme 2003.07 Submitted as Maximus Furs, the submitter requested authenticity for "Early Roman (4th Century)" and allowed any changes. He indicated that the meaning of 'thief' (Furs) was most important.

During the commentary period, Hund contacted the submitter regarding the authenticity of his name for his desired time period. Here is the information relayed by Hund in his commentary:

This submission consists of two cognomen or bynames and no given name as required. A properly constructed Roman name, even as late as requested by the submitter should have at least a family name (nomen) preceding the cognomen and the knightly noble class would also have a p[er]sonal given name (praenomen). On having this pointed out to the submitter, he requested from the list of praenomen used after the 2nd century (only 18 names), Decimus. Also, from Cassel there is the nomen Furius. Thus combined to give Decimus Furius Maximus, which should be the form registered.

The request to modify the submitted name to Decimus Furius Maximus came in late enough in the commentary period that not all members of the College had an opportunity to comment on this form before the end of the primary commentary period. As this new form is dramatically different from the submitted form, we are pending the modified submission in order to give the College an opportunity to comment on the new form of this name. [Decimus Furius Maximus, 07/2003 LoAR, P-Lochac]

François la Flamme 2003.07 Submitted as Elisabeth Vitrearius, Metron Ariston found period examples of this byname:

The byname should not be problematic etymologically as an occupational since the BIG Lewis and Short Latin Dictionary shows it being used for a glassmaker or glassblower as far back as classical times. It was a common occupational in Latin sources throughout Europe throughout the medieval period. For instance, official documents at Savona mention one Nicola Vitrearius in 1173 and Pietro Vitrearius in 1178 (www.alpidelmare.net/italiano/savona/altavalborm/guida/econom/testo002.html). However, since the given name is feminine, I would have expected the occupational to be feminized as well: Elisabeth Vitrearia.

We have changed this byname to the feminine form provided by Metron Ariston in order to match the gender of the given name. [Elisabeth Vitrearia, 07/2003 LoAR, A-Atlantia]

François la Flamme 2003.06 This submission is being returned for lack of documentation of the element Serpentius. The LoI documented Serpentius as, "A cognomen, intended to mean 'snakelike' ('Repertorium nominum gentilium et cognominum Latinorum', by Heokko Solin & Ollu Salomies)". However, no photocopies were provided from this source. The cited source is not included in Administrative Handbook Appendix H, "Books That Do Not Require Photocopies to Laurel". Lacking the required photocopies, this documentation is insufficient to support the element Serpentius. [Darius Serpentius, 06/2003 LoAR, R-East]
François la Flamme 2003.04 Submitted as Curwinus Treverorensis, the submitter requested authenticity for 9th to 10th C Germanic. The only documentation provided on the LoI for the byname was the statement, "The surname is an adjectival form of the Roman name of the Gallo-Germanic city of Trier."

Metron Ariston provided information about Latin forms of Trier:

The only instance I could find on the net of the adjectival form Treverorensis was in this gentle's name. The classical name of the town was Augusta Treverorum. The usual period and modern Latinization of Trier is Trevirensis or Treuirensis. This is the form used in the Latin name of the Diocese of Trier (Dioecesis Trevirensis in the listing of contacts at www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dtrie.html). It is commonly used in early manuscripts and printed books and in Sebastian of Munster's Cosmographiae Universalis of 1550 the depiction of Trier is labeled "Situs & figura antiquissimae & praecipuae Medioniatricum ciuitatis Treuirensis".

Lacking evidence that Treverorensis is a period form, we have changed this byname to Trevirensis in order to register this name. As we were unable to find forms of either of the elements in this name used in 9th to 10th C Germanic, we were unable to make this name authentic for the submitter's requested time and culture. [Curwinus Trevirensis, 04/2003 LoAR, A-Atlantia]

François la Flamme 2003.04 The elements in this name have a temporal disparity of more than 1000 years. Una is a Gaelic name dated to 1310 and later. Orcadiana is a locative byname referring to the Orkneys. The root of this byname is Orcades, dated to the mid-2nd C in section II.A.1 of Tangwystyl verch Morgant Glasvryn's article "A Consideration of Pictish Names" (http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/tangwystyl/pictnames). As these two elements are dated to more than a millennium apart, this name must be returned. [Una Orcadiana, 04/2003 LoAR, R-Caid]
François la Flamme 2003.04 There was some question whether the byname filia Edwardis was grammatically correct. In modern usage, the Latin nominative form of the name Edward is Edwardus, with the genitive form Edwardi (thereby treating the name Edward as a second declension noun in Latin). In the medieval period, the name Edward was treated in the same way as it is today, with Edwardus as the nominative form and Edwardi as the genitive form. However, the name Edward also appeared with a nominative form of Edward and a genitive form Edwardis (treating this name as a third declension noun). Therefore, both filia Edwardi and filia Edwardis are grammatically correct forms of this byname in the medieval period. [Isolde filia Edwardis, 04/2003 LoAR, A-Caid]
François la Flamme 2003.04 [Order name Ordo Arcus Magni] This order name was submitted with the intended meaning 'Order of the Great Bow'. Arcus means 'arch, bow, rainbow'. Therefore, the submitted name means 'Order of the Big/Great Arch/Bow/Rainbow'. Both a bow and a rainbow are heraldic charges and so are reasonable as a noun in an order name. However, no documentation was presented and none was found to support the construction Big/Great [heraldic charge] in an order name in period. Lacking such evidence, this name is not registerable. [Ansteorra, Kingdom of, 04/2003 LoAR, R-Ansteorra]
François la Flamme 2003.03 Submitted as Eadwine of Foxecote, the submitter requested authenticity for 11th to 12th C Anglo-Saxon. As submitted, this name combines the Old English Eadwine with the Middle English of Foxecote. An authentic period name combining these elements would have been recorded completely in Old English or completely in Middle English depending upon the language of the document in which this language was recorded. Ekwall (p. 186 s.n. Foxcote) dates the form Fuscote to the Domesday Book. G�sta Tengvik, Old English Bynames, pp. 54-56, in the section entitled "Lat. de (in OE charters)" gives some examples of Old English given names with Latin locative bynames. Based on these examples, Eadwine de Fuscote would be an authentic form of this name for an Old English record. Reaney & Wilson (s.n. Foxcot) date Edulf de Foxcote to 1189. Therefore, a fully Middle English form of this name appropriate for the 12th C would be Edwin de Foxcote.

We have changed the byname to a form documented to the submitter's desired time period in order to partially meet his request for authenticity. As the submitter only allowed minor changes, we were unable to change this name to a form appropriate for Old English to fully meet the submitter's request for authenticity. [Eadwine de Foxcote, 03/2003, A-Ealdormere]

François la Flamme 2003.02 [Household name Academia Sancti Thomae Aquini] Listed on the LoI as Schuola di Saint Thomas d'Aquino, this name was submitted as Schola of Saint Thomas Aquinas and was converted to Italian at Kingdom to follow the submitter's request for authenticity for 15th C Italian since the submitter allowed any changes. Kraken provided information about the construction of this name:

Household name itself: a 15th century Italian school would likely have still had a Latin name. In that case the name would be: Schola Sancti Thomae Aquini. (Thomas not being found in any available Latin sources, we used Aeneas as an analog to form the genitive.) The (modern) Italian form would be Scuola di San Tommaso d'Aquino.

D. S. Chambers, "Studium Urbis and Gabella Studii: The University of Rome in the Fifteenth Century", which appears in Cecil H. Clough, ed., Cultural Aspects of the Italian Renaissance; Essays in Honor of Paul Oskar Kristeller, mentions a reference to the Academia Bononiensis (the University of Bologna) in 1465. This Latin example supports Kraken's statement that a 15th C Italian school would have been referred to using a Latin name.

There was some question whether an institution of learning would have used the term schuola in its formal name in the submitter's desired time and culture. Therefore, we have changed Schuola to Academia and registered this name in a fully Latin form to meet the submitter's request for authenticity. [Jason of An Tir, 02/2003 LoAR, A-An Tir]

François la Flamme 2003.02 Submitted as Martinus Draco Byzantios, the submission form notes that his intended culture was 5th C Eastern Roman but that he did not request authenticity. Metron Ariston provided information regarding a form of this name appropriate for the submitter's desired time and culture:

I have to note that Byzantios is NOT a Latin term, but is Greek in form. (The masculine nomintive is -os rather than -us is the dead giveaway!) If he wants the name to be Latin the adjective should be Byzantinus. If he really wants a fifth-century eastern Roman as the Letter of Intent indicates, it will be difficult if not impossible to fulfill this without some significant changes, as the name as a whole should be changed into Greek. Chavez' "Common Names of the Aristocracy in the Roman Empire During the 6th and 7th Centuries" (heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/byzantine/early_byz_names.html) shows Martinus, but this is a normalized Latin form, as is usual for the source on which Chavez draws, as he himself notes in his introduction. The actual Greek form would be [Mu {alpha'} rho tau iota nu omicron sigma], which could be transliterated to Martinos. The cognate Greek word for dragon or snake is [delta rho {alpha'} kappa omega nu], which would be transliterated as Drakon. The usual descriptive for a Byzantine in Greek is [Beta upsilon zeta alpha nu tau iota nu {omicron'} sigma], which translates out to Byzantinos. Thus the eastern form of the name should be [Mu {alpha'} rho tau iota nu omicron sigma space Delta rho {alpha'} kappa omega nu space Beta upsilon zeta alpha nu tau iota nu {omicron'} sigma], which would transliterate to Martinos Drakon Byzantinos. While I have some other works by Mango, I do not have the volume cited, but I would be rather surprised if the cited form Byzantios were not a typographical error for Byzantinos which is what Mango regularly uses elsewhere.

Examining the photocopied page from Mango provided by the submitter, it is indeed likely that Byzantios is a typographical error for Byzantinos.

As the submitter did not request authenticity, we have made the minimum changes necessary in order to register this name and simply corrected the spelling of Byzantinos. A fully Latin form of this name would be Martinus Draco Byzantinus. A fully Greek form of this name would be Martinos Drakon Byzantinos. [Martinus Draco Byzantinos, 02/2003 LoAR, A-Calontir]

François la Flamme 2003.02 No documentation was presented and none was found to support Ulfgar as a plausible Norse given name in period. It is possible that Ulfgar may be a plausible variant of the Old English name Wulfg�r, but the plausibility of such a variation would need to be examined. Searle (p. 507) includes an entry that lists both the forms Wulfgar and Ulgar. Many of the second forms in Searle's headers are Latin forms of the names in question and the loss of the f may (or may not) be an aspect of the Latin form. [Ulfgar Thegnson, 02/2003 LoAR, R-Atenveldt]
François la Flamme 2003.02 [Order name Ordre du Meritum Martialis] This name is being returned for violation of RfS III.1.a, which requires linguistic consistency in a name phrase. In this case Ordre du is French and Meritum Martialis is Latin. As the submitters allow no changes, we were unable to change this name to a registerable form.

This name was intended to mean 'Order of Martial Merit'. Metron Ariston provided information regarding correctly constructed Latin and French forms of this order name:

Note that meritum does NOT come from the French merite, as stated on the Letter of Intent. The French form is derived from the well-documented classical Latin word meritum. An all-Latin form would be Ordo Meriti Martialis though Ordre Meriti Martialis would probably also work. An appropriate all-French form would be Ordre du M�rite Martial.

[Havre de Glace, Barony of, 02/2003 LoAR, R-East]
François la Flamme 2003.01 Submitted as Celestria de Celtanhomme, the submitter requested authenticity for "English/Norman" and allowed minor changes. Celtenhomme is the dative case of the Old English name for Cheltenham. No documentation was presented and none was found that Celtanhomme is a plausible variant of the documented Celtenhomme. Lacking evidence that the form Celtanhomme is plausible in period, it is not registerable.

As an Old English placename in the dative case, Celtenhomme is not grammatically compatible with de, which is Latin and which does not take a dative case. We have changed this byname to the fully Old English form of Celtenhomme in order to register this name. In Old English bynames, of is followed by the dative case of a placename, so of Celtenhomme is grammatically correct.

The submitter requested authenticity for "English/Norman". Ekwall (p. 99 s.n. Cheltenham) dates Chilteham to 1156. Celestria de Chilteham would be an authentic form of this name for her desired time and culture. However, changing the language of the byname from Old English to Middle English is a major change, which the submitter does not allow. [Celestria of Celtenhomme, 01/2003 LoAR, A-Calontir]

François la Flamme 2003.01 Submitted as Liuedai von Regensburg, this name combined Liuedai, which is a Latinized form of an Old English name, with the German byname von Regensburg. Lacking evidence that Anglo-Saxon England had significant contact with Germany, a name combining Old English and German is not registerable. We have changed the given name to the Middle English form Luveday (dated to 1205 in Reaney & Wilson, p. 285 s.n. Loveday), in order to register this name. [Luveday von Regensburg, 01/2003 LoAR, A-Atlantia]
François la Flamme 2003.01 Submitted as Lucius of Alexandria, the submitter requested authenticity for 600 A.D. and allowed any changes. We have changed the byname of Alexandria to the Latin form that would appear in a man's name in order to meet the submitter's request for authenticity. [Lucius Alexandrinus, 01/2003 LoAR, A-Caid]
François la Flamme 2003.01 Submitted as Valeria Tertia of Alexandria, the submitter requested authenticity for the 1st C A.D. and allowed any changes. We have changed the byname of Alexandria to the Latin form that would appear in a woman's name in order to meet the submitter's request for authenticity. [Valeria Tertia Alexandrina, 01/2003 LoAR, A-Caid]
François la Flamme 2002.12 There was some question whether Clutorix was in the proper case in this name. Metron Ariston explains situations where Clutorix would remain in the nominative case rather than changing case:

Actually, I would assume that the Clutorix here did not change case because it was actually being used appositively rather than as a genitive patronymic which would be entirely in line with Latin practice. In other words, it was being used in the nominative just as a normal Latin nomen or cognomen would be. Such usage is fairly frequently seen in mixtures of Celtic and Latin names in Gaul and appears in early records from Britain as well. It also appears in Latin historical works where the names of barbarians who are adopted by Romans for political or dynastic reasons appear with their original names followed by one or more of the nomina or cognomina of the adopting parent.

Given this information, the submitted form of this name is registerable. [Cydrych Clutorix, 12/2002, A-Middle]

François la Flamme 2002.11 Submitted as Jovian Skleros, no documentation was presented for Jovian, only for Iovinus, which is listed as a masculine given name in Bardas Xiphias's article "Common Names of the Aristocracy in the Roman Empire During the 6th and 7th Centuries" (http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/byzantine/early_byz_names.html). Metron Ariston found documentation for Jovianus:

Flavius Claudius Jovianus was a fourth century Roman emperor. The name was fairly clearly a cognomen. However, [it] was used as a given name by neo-Latinists in the Renaissance period as Giovanni Pontano, who died in 1503, used as the Latin form of his name Jovianus Pontanus.

As Jovianus is closer to the submitted Jovian than Iovinus, we have changed the given name to Jovianus in order to register this name. [Jovianus Skleros, 11/2002, A-Ansteorra]

François la Flamme 2002.11 Submitted as Avin' de Saint-Vaast, Avin' is a scribal abbreviation, which we do not register. We have expanded the name to the full form Avina in order to register this name. [Avina de Saint-Vaast, 11/2002, A-Ansteorra]
François la Flamme 2002.11 Submitted as Georgius of Canterbury, the submitter requested authenticity for English. Georgius is a Latinized form of the name George. In period records, a name that is culturally English would typically be recorded completely in Latin or completely in Middle English depending upon the language of the record in which the name is recorded. Mills s.n. Canterbury dates the form Canterburie to 1086. A fully Latinized form of this name would be Georgius de Canterburie. A fully Middle English form of this name would be George of Canterburie. As the Latinized form is the closer of these to the submitted form, we have changed this name to a fully Latinized form to meet the submitter's request for authenticity. [Georgius de Canterburie, 11/2002, A-Outlands]
François la Flamme 2002.09 [Household name Draco Mercatoria] No documentation was provided and none was found that Draco Mercatoria, meaning 'Merchant Dragon', meets the requirements set down in RfS III.2.b.iv, which states:

Household names must follow the patterns of period names of organized groups of people.

Possible models include Scottish clans (Clan Stewart), ruling dynasties (House of Anjou), professional guilds (Bakers Guild of Augsburg, Worshipful Company of Coopers), military units (The White Company), and inns (House of the White Hart).

Were documentation found supporting this name as a household name, the structure of this name would need to be corrected. The genders of the two elements in Draco Mercatoria do not agree. The correct Latin form of this phrase is Draco Mercatorius. [Kirsten Dystel, 09/2002 LoAR, R-East]

François la Flamme 2002.09 Submitted as Ceara filia Drusti, the submitter requested the Latinized form of this name appropriate for 500-600 A.D. Ceara is an Early Modern Irish Gaelic (c. 1200 to c. 1700) form of a name which was Cera in Old Irish Gaelic (c. 700 to c. 900). Our best guess is that Cera would have retained that spelling in a Latin form. Therefore, we have changed the given name to this form to meet the submitter's request for authenticity. [Cera filia Drusti, 09/2002 LoAR, A-Meridies]
François la Flamme 2002.08 Submitted as Elspeth le Fayre filia Dunecan, the submitter requested authenticity for 14th C Lowland Scot and allowed minor changes. Documented examples of Latin forms of the genitive of Duncan, including those in Bruce Webster, ed., Regesta Regum Scottorum VI: The Acts of David II (which covers the years 1329-1371), show the genitive form of Duncan appropriate for the submitter's desired time period to be Duncani. We have made this change to partially meet the submitter's request for authenticity.

We were unable to find examples of a woman's name in Scotland containing a descriptive byname (regardless of whether or not it was followed by a patronymic byname). As the submitter only allows minor changes, we were unable to drop the descriptive byname in order to make this name authentic for the submitter's desired time and culture. [Elspeth le Fayre filia Duncani, 08/2002, A-East]

François la Flamme 2002.08 Submitted as Matatias de domo Leah le Blund, the submitter requested an authentic Jewish name for Angevin England. Julie Stampnitzky provided commentary regarding authentic forms of this name for the submitter's desired time and culture:

This name mixes multiple languages. <Matatias> is a form that would be used in a Latin document; in Hebrew it would be <Matisyah> (Ezra 10:44) or <Matisyahu>. <de domo> is a Latin phrase. <Leah> is a fine transliteration of the Hebrew name spelled lamed-alef-hay (Genesis 29:16 ff.), but this spelling is not likely to have been used in a document written in Latin or Anglo-Norman French. <le Blund> is French. Any one of these three languages would fit the submitter's period-a Jew in Angevin England would have spoken French; when he signed his own name or was mentioned in a document written by a Jewish neighbor, it would have been in Hebrew; and when he appeared in a document written by a Christian neighbor, his name would often have been in Latin.

I have checked the information from Jacobs' book [Joseph Jacobs, The Jews of Angevin England]. (The copy I saw was at Hebrew University in Jerusalem.)

The submitter's intentions are unclear - he cites an example of a man called "son of Avigay," but he chose to use a phrase that means "of the house of Leah." While Jacobs' book provides support for the <de domo> form, it does not list anyone using <de domo X> where X is a woman. I suggest he use <filius> "son" instead. (<fil> in Jacobs' book is a scribal abbreviation.)

It's not clear whether <le Blund> is supposed to apply to himself or to his mother.

Jacobs does not document anyone whose name includes both a patronym and a descriptive term like "blond," so it would be better to use only one byname for a Latin name. It would be quite in keeping with period practice to vary the usage- the same person might be "N son of Leah" in some instances and "N the blond" in others.

Here are entirely Latin forms of his name:

Matatias Blundus filius Lie (if he is blond)

Matatias filius Lie Blunde (if his mother is blond)

<Blundus> is dated to 1086 in Reaney & Wilson, A Dictionary of English Surnames, s.n. Blunt.

<Lia>, a Latinized spelling of <Leah>, is found in Jacobs, p. 357. Since it follows "filius" it must be put in the genitive; in this period the usual way to do that was to change -a to -e. "Blundus" must agree with the person it is describing.

Lacking evidence that de domo would be used to refer to a feminine name, a byname constructed de domo [feminine name] is not registerable. We have changed de domo to filius, meaning 'son', as suggested by Julie. We have also put Leah into the genitive form Lie and modified le Blund to agree with the gender of the name it is describing (here Leah) as required by Latin grammar. [Matatias filius Lie Blunde, 08/2002, A-East]

François la Flamme 2002.07 Delphina is a Latinized form of the French name Delphine, which was the name of a saint from Provence who lived in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. [Delphina the Mad, 07/2002, A-Atlantia]
François la Flamme 2002.07 Submitted as Desiree of Colecestra, the submitter requested authenticity for 12th C England in the region of Essex. As the form Colecestra is a Latin form, we have changed the byname to the completely Latin form de Colecestra to meet the submitter's request for authenticity and to comply with RfS III.1.a, which requires linguistic consistency in a single name phrase. [Desiree de Colecestra, 07/2002, A-An Tir]
François la Flamme 2002.07 The submitter requested authenticity for 6th to 7th C Central Europe. No evidence was presented and none was found that a byname meaning 'light seeker' would have been applied to a person in period.

Metron Ariston found evidence of a Latin word, lucipetus, with this meaning:

To my great surprise, there is actually a Latin word for "light seeking" and, what is more, it occurs in a work that would be familiar to educated men for most of our period, the Etymologies or Origines of Isidore of Seville (560-636). It even has an antonym (lucifugus). Mind you, the term is applied to a fly by Isidore who was dealing with the natural world at that point [...]

As we have no evidence that lucipetus, or a different phrase meaning 'light seeker', would have been used to describe a human in period, a byname with this meaning is not registerable. If evidence were found that a byname with this meaning would have been been used to describe a human in period, then Theodericus Lucipetus would be a registerable form of this name. [Theodericus Lucem Quaeror, 07/2002, R-Atenveldt]

François la Flamme 2002.07 Submitted as Justinos Tekton, the submitter requested authenticity for Byzantine. Iustinos is a Latin form and Justin is an English form of this given name. As Latin does not include a J, the submitted Justinos is not a valid variant of the documented Iustinos. We have changed the given name to this form in order to register this name. [Iustinos Tekton, 07/2002, A-Middle]
François la Flamme 2002.06 Submitted as Edana inghean an Druaidh, this submission is an appeal of the registered form Edan inghean an Druiadh, which was registered in December 2000.

Edana was submitted as a hypothetical Latinized form of the feminine given name Edan, which is dated to 1379 in Withycombe (s.n. Edith). However, the form Edan appears in a Latin context as seen in Bardsley (p. 265 s.n. Eden), which dates the entries "Robertus Busby, et Eden uxor ejus, smyth" and "Johannes Slipar, et Edan uxor ejus" to 1379. In these cases, Eden and Edan are used as nominative case Latin forms. The form Edine cited in the LoI may be found in the same entry in Bardsley in the name Nel fil. Edine which is dated to 1273. In this case, Edine is a genitive form, which would not have been used in the given name position in a name. Since Edan and Eden are the documented Latinized forms of this name, and their forms contradict the hypothetical construction Edana, Edana is not a plausible variant of this name based on the submitted documentation.

We have corrected the misspelling in the byname. [Edan inghean an Druaidh, 06/2002, A-Æthelmearc]

François la Flamme 2002.05 As originally documented, this name was not registerable due to excessive temporal disparity. Deodonatus was dated to 1205 in England (Withycombe, s.n. Deodatus). Cervarius was documented as the name of a Roman knight who conspired with Piso against Nero (Lemprire's Classical Dictionary, p. 156). Since the two elements had a temporal disparity of over a millennium, this name was not registerable with the submitted documentation. Metron Ariston found that "the byname is a relatively common Latin adjective meaning 'of or pertaining to deer'. One Fernandus Cervarius apparently signed a document relating to the monastery at Sarria in Spain in the year 1219 (www.sarriaweb.com/convento.htm)." This information eliminates the temporal disparity between the two elements in this name. [Deodonatus Cervarius, 05/2002, A-Caid]
François la Flamme 2002.04 This name includes a Latin form of a locative byname in an otherwise Welsh name. While not common, this practice did occur. Harpy found Jovan ap Ysaac de tribus castris in Abergavenny court records of 1256 (A. J. Roderick & William Rees, Ministers' Accounts for the Lordships of Abergavenny, Grosmont, Skenfrith and White Castle: Part I-The Lordship of Abergavenny). [Dafydd ap Iorwerth ap Rhodri de dena, 04/2002, A-Lochac]
François la Flamme 2002.04 Idonea is a Latin form of a 12th to 14th C English given name derived from the Old Norse I�unn (listed in Geirr Bassi, p. 12). An authentic name for a time period appropriate for Old Norse would have been rendered all in Old Norse or all in a Latinized form depending upon the language of the document in which the name was recorded. G�sta Tengvik, Old English Bynames, dates Eduuardus filius Suani to 1066 on p. 198. I�unn Sveinsdóttir would be a completely Old Norse form of this name. Idonea filia Suani would be a completely Latinized form of this name. As the submitter requested authenticity for Old Norse, we have changed this name to the form I�unn Sveinsdóttir to comply with her request. [I�unn Sveinsdóttir, 04/2002, A-Atenveldt]
François la Flamme 2002.03 Lavinia is registerable under the guidelines regarding names from literary sources set down in the Cover Letter that accompanied the February 1999 LoAR. Lavinia is the daughter of Latinus and the second wife of Aeneas in the Aeneid. Metron Ariston stated that "As the Aeneid was a staple of medieval education, both in the original Latin and later in vernacular versions, the given name would certainly have been familiar." [Lavinia Betteresse, 03/2002, A-Atenveldt]
François la Flamme 2002.03 This name is being returned for lack of documentation of the construction, since the submitted name does not fit classical Roman naming patterns. Metron Ariston summarizes the situation:

In theory and to a great extent in practice all the daughters in a family would go by the feminine form of their father's nomen. That is where you get Claudia, Julia, Caecilia, Cornelia, etc. If you had two daughters they would be Claudia Maior and Claudia Minor (the older and younger). If you were unlucky enough to have more, they'd be numbered: Julia Tertia, for example. In the Republic women usually did not get cognomina of their own, but not infrequently would use an inherited one. Thus, Caecilia Metella, the wife of the Roman dictator Sulla, was the daughter of Lucius Caecilius Metellus Dalmaticus. Lucius was his given name. Caecilius was the primary clan name. Metellus was an inherited clan cognomen. [...] Dalmaticus was apersonal cognomen referring to his military victories in Dalmatia. His daughter used the feminine forms of the primary nomen and the inherited cognomen. [...]

Fausta derives from the masculine cognomen Faustus, Cornelia from the nomen Cornelius and Rutilia from the nomen Rutilius. Therefore the name is cognomen + nomen + nomen which is not documented.

Given this information, Cornelia Fausta and Rutilia Fausta would be registerable forms of this name. However, as the submitter does not allow major changes, we were unable to change the name to one of these forms in order to register the name.

Additionally, the LoI listed Roman women who had names that contained three elements. In both cases, the women were the wives of emperors, and names of members of the imperial family were often more elaborate than was typical for the time. At this time, the use of three element names for women, while largely limited to imperial women, does not seem to be exclusive enough that use of this construction, on its own, would be considered presumptuous. However, as with any name, three element names must follow a documented construction. The submitted Fausta Cornelia Rutilia has the construction cognomen + nomen + nomen, which is not a documented construction pattern. [Fausta Cornelia Rutilia, 03/2002, R-Caid]

François la Flamme 2001.12 Callistus was the name of a patriarch of Constantinople (d. 1363), part of the name of Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopoulos (a Byzantine historian, d. 1335), and the name of a pope in 1457. It is also a Latinized form of the French given name Calixte. Juliana de Luna's article "Portuguese Names 1350-1450" lists Gill as a patronymic byname. This name mixes Latinized French and Portuguese, which is a weirdness. [Callistus Gill, 12/01, A-Atlantia]
François la Flamme 2001.11 Submitted as Chrysanthia d'Argento, the given name was justified as a feminine form of Chrysanthos found in DeFelice's Dizionario dei Nomi Italiani (p. 116). This source (s.n. Crisante) notes that Chrysanthus is Latinized form of the Greek Chrysanthos. The feminine form of this name would be Chrysantha, not Chrysanthia. [Chrysantha d'Argento, 11/01, A-Trimaris]
François la Flamme 2001.09 Submitted as Michelina Cenomani da Trento, Cenomani is documented as the name of a Roman-era Celtic tribe. No evidence was provided that the name of a Celtic tribe would have been used in a personal name. Even if such a construction is plausible, this name has two weirdnesses: one for lingual mix and one for temporal disparity.

The name of Le Mans in France is derived from the name of this tribe. Richard Le Mans (d. 1552/3 in Chartres) is found referred to in the Latinized form Richardus Cenomagus. It is plausible that a feminine form of Cenomagus could have existed. However, using a hypothetical feminine form of Cenomagus in this name would give this name two locative bynames, which is not documented. Therefore, we are dropping the problematic element in order to register the name. [Michelina da Trento, 09/01, A-Æthelmearc]
François la Flamme 2001.08 Submitted as Sibri de Aldebourne, the given name Sibri is documented as a Latin genitive form of Seburga. In the given name position, the name must appear in the nominative case. [Seburga de Aldebourne, 08/01, A-Ansteorra]
Elsbeth Anne Roth 2001.07 In Latin contexts Panthera would have been a cognomen, roughly equivalent to a byname. No evidence was provided that it was used as a given name; we therefore have to return this. [Panthera Kallista, 07/01, R-Calontir]
Elsbeth Anne Roth 2001.05 Submitted on the LoI as Antonius Alvredi, the submitter originally submitted Antonius Alvredus. Since Reaney and Wilson, A Dictionary of English Surnames, lists Willilmus Hermannus as a variant of Willelmus filius Hermanni, we can register the originally submitted form. [Antonius Alvredus, 05/01, A-Atlantia]
Elsbeth Anne Roth 2000.10 Submitted as Morgan Defecta, the byname had a slight problem. The combination of an English or Welsh given name and a Latin descriptive byname is common, and the name as submitted would be registerable. [Morgan Defector, 10/00, A-Caid]
Elsbeth Anne Roth 1999.12 The name as supposed to mean True North Wind, however, this is not a reasonable placename in either English or Latin. [Veraquilon, Canton of, 12/99, R-An Tir]
Elsbeth Anne Roth 1999.07 There was no documentation indicating that a byname which is possibly justifiable in Middle English could be used for a Latin byname. [Andronicus Ursacor, 07/99, R-Atenveldt]
Jaelle of Armida 1999.02 [Scola Metallorum, College of] Submitted as Scola Metallorum, the group wanted to use Scola as an alternative for College. We are unwilling to declare Scola the equivalent of College and thereby reserve its use to official SCA groups, especially in light of the fact that there is already a Latin equivalent, Collegium. Please inform the group that the form Collegium Metallorum would also be acceptable. (Jaelle of Armida, LoAR February 1999, p. 8)
Jaelle of Armida 1998.09 [Acrisius Sospes] This is being returned for several reasons. � Second, even if documentation had been provided, it is not clear that Acrisius is an acceptable name for use in the Society. While it is found in Greek and Roman mythology, it appears to be the name of a mythological king, and not a real person. Barring documentation that it was used by a real person, it must be returned. (Jaelle of Armida, LoAR September 1998)
Jaelle of Armida 1998.09 [Acrisius Sospes] This is being returned for several reasons. � Finally, while the LoI glossed Sospes as meaning lucky, the primary use of the adjective, according to Lewis and Short's Latin Dictionary, is savior, in the religious sense of the word, and therefore not appropriate for SCA usage. (Jaelle of Armida, LoAR September 1998)
Jaelle of Armida 1998.09 [Stefan de Bâle] Found on the LoI as Stefan de Basle, it was originally submitted as Stefan de Bâle, and changed in kingdom because they did not think the use of a circumflex was period.

However, according to Metron Aristron:

"The use of a line over a vowel to indicate the loss of a following consonant or consonants is fairly ancient, appearing regularly in period manuscripts in the vernacular as early as the eleventh century and much earlier in Latin sources. "

Therefore, we have returned it to the originally submitted form. (Jaelle of Armida, LoAR September 1998)

Jaelle of Armida 1998.08 [Carina de Elephantide] Submitted as Karina de Elephantide, transliteration into Latin in classical and medieval times almost universally uses the initial "CÆ. Therefore we have changed the initial letter to "C" as the submitter allows. (Jaelle of Armida, LoAR August 1998)
Jaelle of Armida 1997.06 [returning Equitatus Ansteorrae] [Ansteorra, Kingdom of] Unfortunately, in Latin, Equitatus is not merely an equestrian order, but the equestrian order. This is frequently translated into English simply as "the knights". Since this guild is not restricted to members of the chivalry only, it must be returned for presumption. (Jaelle of Armida, LoAR June 1997, p. 10)
Jaelle of Armida 1996.07 [registering Madeleine Moinet dit Boismenu] While this name violates the long-standing prohibition against names of the form X called Y, in the early records it is quite common to find people recorded as X cognomento Y or, later, X dictus Y, X genannt Y, etc. These are official documentary forms no different in principle from X filius Y; like filius Y, dictus Y serves to specify which X is in question. In Latin, German, and French it is a legitimate documentary form. Therefore, since names of this sort are documented we are hereby overturning this ban for those languages. (Jaelle of Armida, LoAR July 1996, p. 7)
Jaelle of Armida 1996.07 In the registration of Madeleine Moinet dit Boismenu, we have overturned the long standing prohibition of the form X called Y, for Latin, German and French, because it is a legitimate documentary form. (Jaelle of Armida, Cover Letter with the July 1996 LoAR, p. 2)
Da'ud ibn Auda (2nd tenure, 1st year) 1994.01 [Returning Monsdraconis.] The grammar appears to be incorrect; normal Latin formation would keep the elements separate as either Mons Draco (dragon mountain) or as Mons Draconis (dragon's mountain). In addition, the locative would almost certainly use the preposition de, which takes the ablative case, as de Monte Dracone or de Monte Draconis. [1/94, p.13]
Bruce Draconarius of Mistholme 1993.09 [Uodalrica] There was some question in the commentary about the validity of the given name. The original root, Uodalric, is masculine by virtue of its masculine deuterotheme -ric. It's possible that the Latinized form Uodalricus is simply be the default spelling for that time and place --- and therefore, unlike classical Latin names such as Julius/Julia, incapable of being feminized by changing -us to -a. The question cannot be definitively answered, on the basis of the evidence presented for this submission. However, the Society has traditionally been tolerant of feminized forms of period masculine names, whether such feminized names were documented or not; in part, this is an acknowledgement that women's names simply weren't recorded as often as men's names. As a general rule, if the masculine form of a name is documented to period, we assume the feminized form is acceptable. In this particular case, barring any direct evidence to the contrary, we will give the submitter the benefit of the doubt. (Uodalrica MacDonnell, September, 1993, pp. 5-6)
Bruce Draconarius of Mistholme 1992.09 [House Castor Bellator] The household name is Latin for "warrior beaver". This doesn't follow our current guidelines for household names: we wouldn't register John the Warrior Beaver, so we shouldn't register this. It is barely possible that House of the Warrior Beaver might be a late-period English inn name --- but such a name wouldn't be in Latin. (Eadwyn Inhold., September, 1992, pg. 48)
Bruce Draconarius of Mistholme 1992.09 [Saltare] This was submitted as the name for the Kingdom dance guild. Unfortunately, the infinitive verb "to dance" (in English or in Latin) doesn't seem to be a valid group name. Similar guild names in period seem to have been straightforward descriptions of their craft: Company of Coopers, Baker's Guild, etc. We could see a bit more fanciful name, such as the Guild of St. Vitus or the Terpsichorean Guild. We could even see using the Latin saltare, properly conjugated, as part of a Latinized guild name. But the simple "to dance", with no noun or designator, cannot be accepted without more evidence than we've been given. (Kingdom of Meridies, September, 1992, pg. 49)
Da'ud ibn Auda (1st year of 1st tenure) 1990.09 "Enough evidence was presented of a pattern of t/c switch in Latin that Valencia appears to be a very reasonable form of Valentia (the latter being noted in Morlet (Vol. II, p.115)." (LoAR 9/90 p.4).
Alisoun MacCoul of Elphane 1988.08 As the suffix is documented as a Latin form (and not as a Germanic one), it must normally be combined with Latin elements and not Frankish or Gothic prothemes. (LoAR Aug 88, p. 20)
Alisoun MacCoul of Elphane 1987.03.29 The epithet "de Flora" is in fact precisely the sort of epithet that occurred in medieval Latin when it attempted to render vernacular place name or attribute epithets in official or literary documents (e.g., the twelfth-century theologian Joachim de Floris whose works were condemned by Thomas Aquinas). (LoAR 29 Mar 87, p. 6)
Alisoun MacCoul of Elphane 1987.08 Caesius, which is a cognomen or nickname, would have been preceded by a praenomen or given name and a gentile or clan name in the classical period. However, such two element names as this were relatively common in the late medieval and Renaissance period amongst those who would emulate the classical learning, whilst lacking it. Specifically, Caesius came to be regarded as equivalent to a given name (like Vergil and Ovid, etc.) due in part to the Caesius Bassus to whom Persius dedicated one of his works. (LoAR Aug 87, p. 16)
Alisoun MacCoul of Elphane 1987.08 While [it] is correct ... that period orthography is often variable, Latin is much less so.... [Name] is a regular third declension noun and tends to maintain the standard endings with a fair amount of rigidity, although the other portions of the name may vary quite a bit. (LoAR Aug 87, p. 13)
Wilhelm von Schlüssel 1981.12.21 Translating given names into Latin is acceptable. Her given name (N.) means [translation] in Hebrew. Translating [translation] into Latin and then putting it into a female name form produces M. WVS [59] [LoAR 21 Dec 81], p. 1 [Given names do not possess meaning in the conventional sense, and therefore cannot be translated in this manner. The above reasoning is specious.]